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ANS 319 Animal Nutrition > Lecture 10 Protein > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Protein Flashcards

1
Q

Is protein an essential marconutrient?

A

YES - 10 essential (amino acids) proteins
Protein is an Important Nutrient
(if not the most important)
Protein= of primary importance

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2
Q

Why are proteins so important?

A

because if we loose 40% of our lean body mass you will die, you need to eat protein to ensure that you will not die and make sure that you maintain muscle

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3
Q

Whats “True Protein”

A

Nitrogen found only in a protein.
Amino acids linked by peptide bond

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4
Q

Whats “Crude Protein”

A

All nitrogen compounds in a
feedstuff. Even if the nitrogen isn’t part of a
protein (non protein nitrogen; NPN).
– True + NPN

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5
Q

List non-protein nitrogen:

A

urea, ammonia, nitrites,
nitrates

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6
Q

Name major animal feeds rich in protein

A

Sunflower meal
Canola meal
Cotton seed meal
Soybean meal (one we use most for animals)

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7
Q

A cow daily consumes 20kg of dry matter (DM), about 16% of
which is protein. Calculate daily protein intake (kg) of the
cow .

A

Daily protein intake= 20 x 16/100 = 3.2kg

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8
Q

In poultry what % of their diet is protein?

A

20-25% of DM

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9
Q

In pigs what % of their diet is protein?

A

14-20% of DM

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10
Q

In cows what % of their diet is protein?

A

14-18% of DM

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11
Q

What % of DM in the body is protein?

A

50% (1/3 is in muscles)

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12
Q

How much does the average human male have in his body of protein?

A

11kg
-45-50% of this protein is in skeletal muscle
-The rest is in skin, blood, kidney, liver, brain and other organs.

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13
Q

What is protein composted of?

A

C, H, O, N (S, P)
-Its a component of every body tissue.
-Vary widely in chemical composition ,physical properties, size, shape, solubility and biological function.

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14
Q

Whats the common unit of protein?

A

Amino Acid
-20 commonly found in animals diets
-10 required in animals diets

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15
Q

In whos body is there an exception to the 50% of DM in the body?

A

Adipocytes

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16
Q

What is the sequence of amino acids determined by?

A

The function of the particular protein in the body.

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17
Q

Whats the biological function of protein?

A

Principal organic chemical constituent of body organs and soft tissues. A lot of functional diversity

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18
Q

What is some of the functional diversity of protein?

A

– Cell membrane structure and function
– Enzymes
– Hormones and other chemical messengers
– Immune factors (antibodies)
– Fluid balance
– Acid-base balance
– Transport
– Source of energy and glucose

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19
Q

What are digestive enzymes?

A

Proteins

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20
Q

Proteins are broken down into by enzymes like **,* and ***

A

1-Amino acids
2-Pepsin
3-Trypepsin
4-Peptidase

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21
Q

Name two structural and mechanical proteins

A

1- Fibrous Proteins
– Elastin * Tendons
– Collagen * Bone and skin
– Keratin * Hair and nails
2- Motor proteins (contractile proteins)
– Actin and myocin * Make muscles work

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22
Q

What do protein hormones do?

A
  • Chemical messengers that are made in one part of the body but act on cells in other parts of the body
  • Examples
    – Insulin
    – CCK
    – Some reproductive
    hormones
    – Growth Hormone
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23
Q

Are steroid hormones protein hormones?

A
  • Steroid hormones are not
    proteins
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24
Q

List examples of protein hormones:

A
  • Examples
    – Insulin
    – CCK
    – Some reproductive
    hormones
    – Growth Hormone
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25
Q

What are the protein receptors and carriers?

A

1- Active transport
2- Facilitated diffusion

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26
Q

What are protein receptors, carriers outside the cell?

A

-Hormone, hormone receptor

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27
Q

What are transport proteins?

A

They transport substances in the blood:
– Lipoproteins (transport lipids)
– Hemoglobin (transports oxygen and carbon
dioxide)
– Albumin (transports calcium, FFA, Zn)

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28
Q

Whats the immune functions of proteins ?

A

Antibodies are proteins that attach to and inactive bacteria and viruses that cause infection

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29
Q

What are the last dietary ingredient or tissue to be used for energy?

A

Proteins
– Efficiency of capturing ATP from AA oxidation is low
– Occurs in starvation and dieting

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30
Q

What are the biological functions and prosperities of proteins?

A

Need continuous dietary protein
supply because of metabolic turnover,
rates vary widely with biological
activity

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31
Q

What is protein trunover?

A

 The protein in animals is continually being
synthesized and degraded
 This is continuous process is called protein turnover
 Different organs have different “protein turnover”
rates (% per day)

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32
Q

What’s the % of nitrogen is in protein?

A

15.5-18.0 % (16%)

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33
Q

What is SGLT1?

A

A protein

34
Q

Proteins are *** of amino acids

A

Polymers

35
Q

How do protein and carbohydrates differ?

A

Protein contains nitrogen (about 16% of total weight)

36
Q

Synthesising muscle and breaking it down-what’s it called

A

-Metabolic turnover.

37
Q

When does hypertrophy occur?

A

muscle synthesis > muscle breakdown

38
Q

What are the different protein structures:

A

-Primary (1)
-Secondary(2)
-Tertiary(3)
-Quaternary(4)

39
Q

What is primary protein structure :

A

Sequence of amino acids (covalent bonds)

40
Q

What is secondary protein structure:

A

Occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds.
Twisting of chains into coiled structures
-a helix
-b sheet
H bonding

41
Q

Every amino acid has…

A

-amino group
-carbolic acid group

42
Q

Whats the tertiary structure of protein :

A

Occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helicase and pleated sheets
Grouping of secondary structures
-Coiled and fold into layers
-H and disulfide bonds
-Globular

43
Q

Whats the quaternary structure of protein:

A

A protein consisting of more than 1 amino acid chain
– Several tertiary structures
linked
– Large complex proteins

44
Q

Primary structures of protein:

A
  • Linear (unbranched) sequence of several (more
    than 50) amino acids
  • The primary structure is held together by peptide bonds
    Needs atleast 4-5 ATP to make a peptide bond
45
Q

Secondary Structure of protein:

A

– Twisting of the chains (primary structure) into a helix
– The helix is stabilized by H bonds
-Heating in water breaks the hydrogen bonds

46
Q

Tertiary structure of protein:

A

– Represents higher level of folding
* Secondary structures fold into layers
* Stabilized by Hydrogen and disulfide bonds
(In life we are consuming proteins in the tertiary structure)

47
Q

Quaternary structure of Protein:

A

– Several tertiary structures are linked together to form
quaternary structures
– Large complex proteins

48
Q

What does every amino acid have a different one of?

A

Every single amino acids is gonna have a different “R”

49
Q

whats the difference between a peptide bond and a glyosidic bond

A
50
Q

Dipeptide has how many amino acids?

A

2 amino acids

51
Q

Tripeptide how many amino acids?

A

3 amino acids

52
Q

Oligopeptides how many amino acids

A

4-10 amino acids

53
Q

Polypeptide how many amino acids

A

10 or more amino acids

54
Q

What are proteins in the body and diet like?

A

long polypeptide (100’s of amino acids)

55
Q

Know neutral, basic and acidic amino structures:

A
56
Q

Whats the amino acids structures:

A
  • Consist of a central carbon atom bonded to:
    a hydrogen, a carboxylic acid, an amino
    group, and an additional side group that is
    unique to each amino acid
  • The first amino acid was chemically
    described in 1806
57
Q

What are general prosperities of amino acids:

A
  • 20 - 25 found in common dietary
    proteins
  • In reality, there are hundreds of
    amino acids, but ~20 are used
    most commonly in protein
    synthesis, and form the ‘major
    amino acids found in the diet’.
  • Chemically diverse, but have
    common general formula
58
Q

What are the classifications of amino acids:

A

-Neutral
-Acidic
-Basic
-Heterocyclic

59
Q

Name 8 of the 10 essential amino acids:

A
60
Q

What 3 amino acids do you need to know the structure of:

A

-Basic
-Acidic
-Neutral

61
Q

What is the definition of nonessential amino acids:

A

also called dispensable amino
acids, are ones the body can create.
* Nonessential amino acids include alanine, asparagines, aspartic
acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline,
serine, and tyrosine.

62
Q

List essential amino acids:

A

also called indispensable amino acids,
must be supplied by the foods people consume.
* Essential amino acids include histidine, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,
methionine, phenyalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

63
Q

List conditionally essential amino acids:

A

refer to amino acids that are
normally nonessential but essential under certain conditions

64
Q

Essential amino acids you NEED TO KNOW
PVT. TIM HALL

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine

65
Q

What are conditionally essential Amino Acids:

A
  • Amino acids that can become essential in certain
    physiologic conditions
    – Examples:
  • taurine in cats
  • proline in young pigs
  • tyrosine becomes essential in people with “phenylketonuria (PKU)”
    – PKU; 1 in 15,000 babies
    – Hydroxylation of phenylalanine normally forms tyrosine
    » Tyrosine important in adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroxine
    and melanin synthesis
66
Q

A limiting amino acid is always gonna be an …

A

essential amino acid

67
Q

Examples of cats:

A

Cats are unable to convert other amino acids into taurine, unlike other species
Taurine is not a meaningful component of plant protein
Symptoms of Taurine Deficiency in Cats:
*Retinal degeneration.
*Irreversible blindness if retinal degeneration is not addressed.
*Weakening of the muscles of the heart leading dilated cardiomyopathy.
*Death if cardiomyopathy is not addressed.
*Digestive issues.
*Fetal abnormalities.
*Small litter sizes.
*Low birth weights

68
Q

Limiting AA- def

A

– Limiting AA is any essential AA present in a
lower amount than needed to support protein
synthesis

69
Q

What can stop protein synthesis?

A

– A shortage of just one essential AA will stop
protein synthesis…..no matter if there is an
excess of other essential AA

70
Q
A
71
Q

Example of a limiting amino acids:

A

Lysine is a limiting amino acid for dairy
cows eating corn (e.g., corn silage and corn grain)
– Corn contains less lysine compared to the
amount required for milk protein production
(Concentration (2%) of lysine in corn is quite lower than the concentration (8%) in casein (milk protein)

72
Q

List another limiting amino acid:

A

Methionine is a limiting amino acid for dairy
cows eating soybean (whole seed or meal)
– Soybean contains less methionine compared to the amount required for milk protein production
(Concentration (1%) of methionine in soy protein is lower than the concentration (2%) in casein (milk protein)

73
Q

Whats the def of High Biological protein: and whats it influenced by?

A

-Ability of a specific dietary protein to supply amino acids in the relative amounts required for
protein synthesis by body tissues
-Biological value is influenced mainly
by essential amino acid composition

74
Q

Whats important to know about biological value?

A

Biological value is not fixed, but varies
with the varying needs of different
species, and physiological and
nutritional states

75
Q

What is complete proteins?

A

Foods containing all the essential amino acids
– Examples: fish, meat, eggs, milk, cheese

76
Q

Whats incomplete proteins?

A
  • Foods that are contain insufficient amounts of some
    essential amino acids
    – Examples: Legumes, nuts, whole grains
77
Q

Whats important to know about human nutritional protein?

A

Doesn’t mean vegetarian meals are less nutritious. Just
means that food stuffs need to be carefully considered
and balanced.

78
Q

What do high quality proteins contain?

A
  • Contains all the essential amino acids
  • Animal foods contain all the essential amino acids.
  • Plant foods are diverse in content and tend to be missing
    one or more essential amino acids
79
Q

What do complementary proteins contain?

A
  • Combining plant foods that together contain all the
    essential amino acids
  • Strategy used by vegetarians to avoid amino acid
    defeciency
80
Q

What’s the typical recommendations for adults to consume?

A

60g of protein a day (0.8g/kg of BW)

ANS 319 Animal Nutrition (17 decks)

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