Lecture 16 Minerals Flashcards
Whats the mineral requirements?
<25
How many micrograms in a milligram?
1000
What’s the Vitamin requirement?
<15
Where are minerals found?
In all feedstuff, in plants and animal products
What does bioavailability mean?
The digestibility of something
Are animal or plant products more available?
Animal
What can decrease the absorption (bioavailability) of minerals?
-Oxalate p
-Phytate
-Tannins
what’s factors that increase bioavailability?
-Cooking
-Plant vs Animal sourced foods
Whats factors that increase bioavailability?
“Binders” such oxalates, phytates and polyphenols
Name the general functions of minerals?
-Structural
Structural function in -Skeleton, protein, bones, teeth.
Ca, P in bones, S in keratin.
What else is Minerals used as a function of?
-Constituents of organic compounds such as proteins and lipids
(S-containing amino acids (cysteine, methionine); phospholipids (P))
What are minerals activators of?
Enzyme activators (coenzymes)
What minerals are used for nerve and muscle function?
Ca, Na, K
Whats unique functions of minerals?
Haemoglobin(Fe)
Vit B12
etc
Do minerals provide energy alone?
Minerals do NOT provide energy alone
When are minerals essential?
They are essential when they are removed from the diet results in an abnormality that disappears when the mineral is added back.
What are the 2 classifications of minerals?
1) Macrominerals(major)
2)Micro/Trace Minerals
What way are macrominerals presented in an animals body?
Present at larger levels in body or required in larger amounts in diet.
-Present in body tissue at concentrations >50 mg/kg
What way are Micro/Trace Minerals:
- present at low levels in body
or required in smaller
amounts in diet - present in body tissue at
concentrations < 50 mg/kg
Q- True or False
Selenium is a macro mineral:
False- Its a micromineral
List the 7 Macrominerals :
- Calcium – Ca
- Phosphorus – P
- Sodium – Na
- Chloride – Cl
- Potassium – K
- Magnesium – Mg
- Sulphur – S
List the 7 microminerals:
- Cobalt – Co
- Iodine – I
- Iron – Fe
- Molybdenum – Mo
- Selenium – Se
- Zinc – Zn
- Copper – Cu
- Manganese ‐ Mn
What microminerals are not as often considered in most animal nutrition circumstances?
- Chromium – Cr
- Nickel – Ni
- Fluorine – F
- Silicon – Si
What factors affect mineral requirements?
- species, breed, or sex of animal
(copper requirement in sheep vs. pigs and cattle) - physiological state/level of production
(lactation increases calcium requirement)
Mineral interactions:
If you have high zinc, calcium, or iron can …
Inhibit copper absorption
Mineral Interactions:
Excess dietary phosphorus…
Impairers calcium absorption
Mineral interactions:
Manganese dietary excess can…
Induce iron deficiency
Mineral interactions: Iron deficiency…
Aggravates lead poisoning
Mineral Interactions:
Molybdenum deficiency…
Aggravates copper toxicity
Mineral interactions:
Molybdenum dietary excess…
Induces copper deficiency
Most minerals have an ________ ________, below which ________ ________ occur and above which ________ ________ occur.
1-Optimal range
2-Deficiency Symptoms
3-Toxicity symptoms
Whats the optimal range of calcium?
400-800mg
Whats the optimal range of selenium?
50-250 ug
What do mineral content of solids primarily dictate?
Primarily dictate mineral status of plants and therefore, feeds.
How long does deficiency or toxicity symptoms take to deevlop?
Months
What’s the most abundant mineral in animal tissues?
Calcium
Whats the calcium functions:
1-Muccle contraction
2-Blood clotting
3-Nerve function
4-Bone matrix
5-Cellular metabolism
Name 4 functions of phosphorus:
- component in bones and teeth
- Vitally important in energy metabolism
- acid/base balance: HPO4‐
- regulation of metabolism
What are both required for normal bone function as well as many non-skeletal function.
Both Ca and P
Whats the ratio of Ca to P
1:1 to 2:1 for most animals except for laying hens 13:1
What does deficiency in Ca, P or vitamin D causes:
-Rickets in growing animals
-Osteomalacia/Osteoporosis in adult animals
What is rickets
Softening of bones due to failure in calcification of cartilage matrix.
Calcium and phosphorus are balanced by what?
Vit D
In ATP what does P stand for?
Phosphorus
Where does rickets occur in?
Young, fast growing animals.
-Bowed long bones
-Enlarged joints
-Lameness
Whats osteomalcia?
The adult form of rickets; softening of bone.
Wheres osteoporosis?
Porous bones; lack of vit D activity with increasing age.
Whats the causes of calcium deficiency?
-low calcium intake or absorption
-abnormally high Ca:P ratio
-vitamin D deficiency
Phosphorus Deficiency- symptoms
Deficiency symptoms similar to calcium deficiency.
* rickets or osteomalacia
* pica: chewing of wood fences, bones, soil
* low fertility and poor milk production or growth
What is 5 factors affecting intestinal absorption?
- Ca:P ratio
- large intakes of Fe, Al, or Mg
- phytic acid/phytate (unavailable P)
- oxalate (unavailable Ca)
- Tannins
What does phytase improve?
It improves P availability
Is vit D naturally found in milk?
Nope, we fortify it into milk
What improves phosphorus availability?
Phytase
What is a dietary supplementation of phytate?
Synthetic phytase
What are other approaches of phytase that are used? (2)
1- Genetic engineering of plants
2- Genetic engineering of animals
Why does phosphorus requirements need continuous evaluation?
- Because of phytate, nutritionists supplement phosphorus to meet
the animals requirement - it can have environmental implications
- feeding phytase reduces dietary requirements and fecal excretion;
could limit environmental impact…and be economically favourable
to the produce
Where is calcium absorbed?
Duodemun or Jejunum
What type of a process is calcium absorption?
Active or passive process
What is the absorption of calcium dependent on?
The need , particularly high during growth, pregnancy and lactation.
What does the bioavailability of calcium decrease by?
-Phytate levels (grains)
-low estrogen levels (post-menopausal women)
When you bind minerals whats the term called?
!Phytate!
- Ruminant animals make phytase , hydrolyse the phytate and free up the minerals.
In monogastric nutrition this is a little more complicated.
What is duodemun or jejunum dependent on?
Vitimin D,
It stimulates Ca transport
What type of a process is phosphorus absorption?
Both active and passive
What can high dietary phosphorus limit?
Calcium absorption
Why is plant phosphorus often indigestible? what animals is this more of an issue in?
Due to the phytate.
More of an issue in monogastric animals. Rumen microorganisms synthesise phytate.
Where is P mostly absorbed?
In the duodenum by active and passive diffusion. This is why there is such an importance of the Na/K pump.
Where can you get calcium sources? (3)
1- Minerals(limestone, dicalcium phosphate)
2-Animal Sources (meat, bone meal, fish meal. Milk products)
3-Roughages (corn silage)
What tents to be low in calcium?
Grains
Name Phosphorus sources:
1-Minerals (Dicalcum phosphate, monocalcium phosphate)
2- Animal sources: (Meal, Bone meal, Fish meal)
3-Cereals: Large portion of phosphorus unavailable for non-ruminants (phytate)
What are the 3 hormones that are involved in calcium regulation:
1- Vitamin D3 from kidney (increases plasma Ca
2- Parathyroid hormone (PTH)from parathyroid gland. (increases plasma Ca)
3- Calcitonin from thyroid gland. (Decreases plasma Ca)
What are the major actions that vitiman D & PTH do? (3)
1- Increase intestinal absorption of Ca and P.
2- Increase bone reabsorption (breakdown)
3- Decrease urinary excretion.
Whats another word for milk fever?
Hypocalcaemia
Why does milk fever (Hypocalcaemia) occur?
High demand for calcium in milk during early lactation; Ca
pulled from blood to meet demand.
* cannot absorb enough calcium from gut or resorb from bone
rapidly enough to keep up with demands of lactation
* sever hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium) results
What are the symptoms of milk fever?
- listless
- staggers
- lies down; head retraction
- decreased plasma Ca
Whats the treatment of milk fever?
-IV calcium solution
-oral calcium bolus
Whats the prevention of milk fever?
feed less Ca during dry period
(immediately prior to calving);
mediated through PTH
When companion animals get milk fever what is it called?
Eclampsia or puerperal tetany.
When does eclampsia mont commonly occur?
occurs 1-3 weeks after giving birth.
What type of breeds are at higher risk of eclampsia?
Smaller breeds
What are sigs of eclampsia?
restless and nervous
stiff walk, wobbley
unable to walk, death occurs if no treatment is available.
Prevention of eclampsia?
Over supplementation of calcium in / during pregnancy increases the risk of eclampsia.
Need to ensure your not giving an over supplement of calcium as the body’s hormone parathyroid needs to regulate it.
List sources of magnesium:
1-Green plants (chlorophyll modules contain Mg)
2-Mineral sources (MgCO3, MgC12, MgO, MgSO4: (Epsom salts, milk of magnesia)
Whats the function of magnesium? (3)
1-Important in bone formation (60% in bone)
2-Enzyme activation (CHO and lipid metabolism)
3-Binds mRNA to ribosomes
4-Associated with ATP metabolism
Where would you find sodium and chloride sources?
1-Minerals (Salt, added at 0.25-0.50% of diet)
2-Animal sources (Meat and bone meal, fish meals have very high salt concentration)
3-Cereal grains (low sodium and chloride content)
List functions of sodium and chloride : (5)
1-Electrolytes
2-Absorbtion of glucose and amino acids
3-Acid/base balance
4-Osmotic pressure balance
5-HCL and chloride salts in gastric secretions
Functions of potassium: (4)
1-Abundat mineral in body
2-Regulation of osmotic and acid-base balance
3-Transmission of nerve impulses
4-Cofactor for several reactions in carbohydrate metabolism
Where is sulphur located?
Located in organic compounds eg-Thiamin & biotin
-Amino acids (methionine, cystine and cysteine)
-Feathers and wool
Does sulphur have involvement in acid-base balance?
Minimal involvement in acid base balance
What % of sulphur is in wool?
4%
What is iron known as?
Trace mineral
What are sources of iron?
1-Plants (green veg eg legumes)
2-Animal sources (liver, meat and bone meal, blood cells.) (Milk is a poor source of iron)
How much iron is in the human body?Whats the functions of iron?(5)
About 2-4g of Fe in human body
1-Heamoglobin and myoglobin
2-Redox process
3-Component of many enzymes “metal of life”
4-Brain function
5-Immune function
What is thought to slow mental development in humans?
Iron deficiency/toxicity
What sort of iron is more absorbable?
Animal (heme iron) sourced iron is more absorbable than plant (non-heme iron) sources
Where does iron absorption occur?
Small intestine
What is non-heme (Plant) iron absorption increased by?
-Vit C
-Meat in diet
-Cirtic acid and lactic acid from foods
-Sugars
What is absorption of iron decreased by?
-Phytate and fibres (grain products)
-Polyphenols (tea, coffee)
-Oxalates (found in some plants, spinach, chocolate etc.)
-Calcium and phosphorus in milk
-Tannic acid
-Other minerals (calcium, zinc)
What does incomplete plant oxidation of carbohydrates bind iron to?
Other minerals.
Name an iron deficiency:
Anemia
What % of humans are anemic?
30-50% of humans worldwide are anemic
-Mineral deficiency
-Makes you fatigued
How is anemia occured?
Anuthing that causes boodloss creates a deficiency.
-Menstruating in primates (16-32mg of Fe/menstratin)
-Gastrotestional parasites or pathogens.
What type of people can get deficient in iron very easily?
Newborn and young animals eg. Pigs, Veal calves, Lambs.
Why do veal calves in particular become anemic? What practice should be implemented?
They have light coloured muscle because of the low myoglobin content and low blood haemoglobin. this desired characteristic of veal: Practice is to feed low Fe milk replacer
Like the 4 population groups that Fe (Iron) deficiency occurs in:
1-Infants and children
2-Adolescents in early growth spurt
3-Females during child bearing years.
4-Pregnant women
Whos milk is deficient in iron? What happens to there young when they are born?
-Sows
-Injected with iron dextran
What is symptoms of iron deficiency ?
-Poor growth
-Pale skin
-“Thumps”
-Diarrhea
What actually happens when you are Iron deficient?
1- Reduced number of red blood cells (turnover of RBC’s takes 60-90 days) (Haemoglobin concentration in blood is decreased)
Whats iron deficiecy and pica known as?
Geophagia
What is pica?
Craving for non-food substances (clay, wood etc.)
What is Zinc known as?
A trace mineral just like iron.
When was zinc proved to be required?
1934
Where is zinc found?
Found primarily in epithelial cells
What are functions of zinc?(2)
1-Componant of metalloenzymes (includes DNA, RNA synthases. Carboxypeptidase A & B)
2-Synthesis of skin keratin and collagen (all epithelial require Zn for proper function.
What happens when an animal/human is deficient in zinc?(7)
1-Impared reproduction, delayed puberty
2-Lesions of skin, disorders of hair, feathers.
3-Growth retardation
4-Low insulin and high ammonia in blood
5-Low white blood cell count: susceptibility to infections.
6-Anorexia
7-Night blindness.
What can high Calcium do?
Inhibit Zinc absorption
What does phytate bind to?
Zinc
List dietary sources of iodine?(3)
1-Seafoods
2-Milk/dairy
3-Iodized salt
What is iodine from foods converted to?
Iodide (ionic form) in the GI tract
Whats the function of iodine? (2)
1-Essential component of thyroid hormones (important for regulation of body temperature , basal metabolic rate, reproduction and growth)
2- Regulation in body (almost all is absorbed, excess removed in urine)
What controls the production of thyroid hormones?
Hypothalamus
What happens when iodine deficiency occurs? How does the body respond to this?
What does this eventually lead to?
-Thyroid hormone production decreases.
-The body responds to this by secreting more thyroid stimulating hormone.
-Enlargement of the thyroid gland (simple goiter)
What is iodine deficiency symptoms: (4)
1-Decreased growth
2-Decreased metabolic rate
3-Goiter
4-Cretinism
What is goiter?
Enlarges thyroid gland due to bodys attempt to increase thyroid hormone production.
What is cretinism?
Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy (serious problems in fetal development) Increased incidences of still births and abortions, Stunted growth, deaf, mute, mentally retared.
What do certain foods contain?
What do overconsumption of these foods cause?
What does excessive intakes of iodine cause?
-Antithyroid substabces called goitrogens.
Soybeans, peanuts, broccoli, cabbage.
-Hypothyroidism
-Enlargement of the thyroid gland
