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ANS 319 Animal Nutrition > Lecture 16 Minerals > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the mineral requirements?

A

<25

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2
Q

How many micrograms in a milligram?

A

1000

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3
Q

What’s the Vitamin requirement?

A

<15

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4
Q

Where are minerals found?

A

In all feedstuff, in plants and animal products

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5
Q

What does bioavailability mean?

A

The digestibility of something

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6
Q

Are animal or plant products more available?

A

Animal

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7
Q

What can decrease the absorption (bioavailability) of minerals?

A

-Oxalate p
-Phytate
-Tannins

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8
Q

what’s factors that increase bioavailability?

A

-Cooking
-Plant vs Animal sourced foods

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9
Q

Whats factors that increase bioavailability?

A

“Binders” such oxalates, phytates and polyphenols

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10
Q

Name the general functions of minerals?
-Structural

A

Structural function in -Skeleton, protein, bones, teeth.
Ca, P in bones, S in keratin.

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11
Q

What else is Minerals used as a function of?

A

-Constituents of organic compounds such as proteins and lipids
(S-containing amino acids (cysteine, methionine); phospholipids (P))

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12
Q

What are minerals activators of?

A

Enzyme activators (coenzymes)

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13
Q

What minerals are used for nerve and muscle function?

A

Ca, Na, K

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14
Q

Whats unique functions of minerals?

A

Haemoglobin(Fe)
Vit B12
etc

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15
Q

Do minerals provide energy alone?

A

Minerals do NOT provide energy alone

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16
Q

When are minerals essential?

A

They are essential when they are removed from the diet results in an abnormality that disappears when the mineral is added back.

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17
Q

What are the 2 classifications of minerals?

A

1) Macrominerals(major)
2)Micro/Trace Minerals

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18
Q

What way are macrominerals presented in an animals body?

A

Present at larger levels in body or required in larger amounts in diet.
-Present in body tissue at concentrations >50 mg/kg

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19
Q

What way are Micro/Trace Minerals:

A
  • present at low levels in body
    or required in smaller
    amounts in diet
  • present in body tissue at
    concentrations < 50 mg/kg
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20
Q

Q- True or False
Selenium is a macro mineral:

A

False- Its a micromineral

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21
Q

List the 7 Macrominerals :

A
  • Calcium – Ca
  • Phosphorus – P
  • Sodium – Na
  • Chloride – Cl
  • Potassium – K
  • Magnesium – Mg
  • Sulphur – S
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22
Q

List the 7 microminerals:

A
  • Cobalt – Co
  • Iodine – I
  • Iron – Fe
  • Molybdenum – Mo
  • Selenium – Se
  • Zinc – Zn
  • Copper – Cu
  • Manganese ‐ Mn
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23
Q

What microminerals are not as often considered in most animal nutrition circumstances?

A
  • Chromium – Cr
  • Nickel – Ni
  • Fluorine – F
  • Silicon – Si
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24
Q

What factors affect mineral requirements?

A
  • species, breed, or sex of animal
    (copper requirement in sheep vs. pigs and cattle)
  • physiological state/level of production
    (lactation increases calcium requirement)
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25
Q

Mineral interactions:
If you have high zinc, calcium, or iron can …

A

Inhibit copper absorption

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26
Q

Mineral Interactions:
Excess dietary phosphorus…

A

Impairers calcium absorption

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27
Q

Mineral interactions:
Manganese dietary excess can…

A

Induce iron deficiency

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28
Q

Mineral interactions: Iron deficiency…

A

Aggravates lead poisoning

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29
Q

Mineral Interactions:
Molybdenum deficiency…

A

Aggravates copper toxicity

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30
Q

Mineral interactions:
Molybdenum dietary excess…

A

Induces copper deficiency

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31
Q

Most minerals have an ________ ________, below which ________ ________ occur and above which ________ ________ occur.

A

1-Optimal range
2-Deficiency Symptoms
3-Toxicity symptoms

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32
Q

Whats the optimal range of calcium?

A

400-800mg

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33
Q

Whats the optimal range of selenium?

A

50-250 ug

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34
Q

What do mineral content of solids primarily dictate?

A

Primarily dictate mineral status of plants and therefore, feeds.

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35
Q

How long does deficiency or toxicity symptoms take to deevlop?

A

Months

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36
Q

What’s the most abundant mineral in animal tissues?

A

Calcium

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37
Q

Whats the calcium functions:

A

1-Muccle contraction
2-Blood clotting
3-Nerve function
4-Bone matrix
5-Cellular metabolism

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38
Q

Name 4 functions of phosphorus:

A
  1. component in bones and teeth
  2. Vitally important in energy metabolism
  3. acid/base balance: HPO4‐
  4. regulation of metabolism
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39
Q

What are both required for normal bone function as well as many non-skeletal function.

A

Both Ca and P

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40
Q

Whats the ratio of Ca to P

A

1:1 to 2:1 for most animals except for laying hens 13:1

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41
Q

What does deficiency in Ca, P or vitamin D causes:

A

-Rickets in growing animals
-Osteomalacia/Osteoporosis in adult animals

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42
Q

What is rickets

A

Softening of bones due to failure in calcification of cartilage matrix.

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43
Q

Calcium and phosphorus are balanced by what?

A

Vit D

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44
Q

In ATP what does P stand for?

A

Phosphorus

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45
Q

Where does rickets occur in?

A

Young, fast growing animals.
-Bowed long bones
-Enlarged joints
-Lameness

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46
Q

Whats osteomalcia?

A

The adult form of rickets; softening of bone.

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47
Q

Wheres osteoporosis?

A

Porous bones; lack of vit D activity with increasing age.

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48
Q

Whats the causes of calcium deficiency?

A

-low calcium intake or absorption

-abnormally high Ca:P ratio

-vitamin D deficiency

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49
Q

Phosphorus Deficiency- symptoms

A

Deficiency symptoms similar to calcium deficiency.
* rickets or osteomalacia
* pica: chewing of wood fences, bones, soil
* low fertility and poor milk production or growth

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50
Q

What is 5 factors affecting intestinal absorption?

A
  1. Ca:P ratio
  2. large intakes of Fe, Al, or Mg
  3. phytic acid/phytate (unavailable P)
  4. oxalate (unavailable Ca)
  5. Tannins
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51
Q

What does phytase improve?

A

It improves P availability

52
Q

Is vit D naturally found in milk?

A

Nope, we fortify it into milk

53
Q

What improves phosphorus availability?

A

Phytase

54
Q

What is a dietary supplementation of phytate?

A

Synthetic phytase

55
Q

What are other approaches of phytase that are used? (2)

A

1- Genetic engineering of plants
2- Genetic engineering of animals

56
Q

Why does phosphorus requirements need continuous evaluation?

A
  • Because of phytate, nutritionists supplement phosphorus to meet
    the animals requirement
  • it can have environmental implications
  • feeding phytase reduces dietary requirements and fecal excretion;
    could limit environmental impact…and be economically favourable
    to the produce
57
Q

Where is calcium absorbed?

A

Duodemun or Jejunum

58
Q

What type of a process is calcium absorption?

A

Active or passive process

59
Q

What is the absorption of calcium dependent on?

A

The need , particularly high during growth, pregnancy and lactation.

60
Q

What does the bioavailability of calcium decrease by?

A

-Phytate levels (grains)
-low estrogen levels (post-menopausal women)

61
Q

When you bind minerals whats the term called?

A

!Phytate!
- Ruminant animals make phytase , hydrolyse the phytate and free up the minerals.
In monogastric nutrition this is a little more complicated.

62
Q

What is duodemun or jejunum dependent on?

A

Vitimin D,
It stimulates Ca transport

63
Q

What type of a process is phosphorus absorption?

A

Both active and passive

64
Q

What can high dietary phosphorus limit?

A

Calcium absorption

65
Q

Why is plant phosphorus often indigestible? what animals is this more of an issue in?

A

Due to the phytate.
More of an issue in monogastric animals. Rumen microorganisms synthesise phytate.

66
Q

Where is P mostly absorbed?

A

In the duodenum by active and passive diffusion. This is why there is such an importance of the Na/K pump.

67
Q

Where can you get calcium sources? (3)

A

1- Minerals(limestone, dicalcium phosphate)
2-Animal Sources (meat, bone meal, fish meal. Milk products)
3-Roughages (corn silage)

68
Q

What tents to be low in calcium?

A

Grains

69
Q

Name Phosphorus sources:

A

1-Minerals (Dicalcum phosphate, monocalcium phosphate)
2- Animal sources: (Meal, Bone meal, Fish meal)
3-Cereals: Large portion of phosphorus unavailable for non-ruminants (phytate)

70
Q

What are the 3 hormones that are involved in calcium regulation:

A

1- Vitamin D3 from kidney (increases plasma Ca
2- Parathyroid hormone (PTH)from parathyroid gland. (increases plasma Ca)
3- Calcitonin from thyroid gland. (Decreases plasma Ca)

71
Q

What are the major actions that vitiman D & PTH do? (3)

A

1- Increase intestinal absorption of Ca and P.
2- Increase bone reabsorption (breakdown)
3- Decrease urinary excretion.

72
Q

Whats another word for milk fever?

A

Hypocalcaemia

73
Q

Why does milk fever (Hypocalcaemia) occur?

A

High demand for calcium in milk during early lactation; Ca
pulled from blood to meet demand.
* cannot absorb enough calcium from gut or resorb from bone
rapidly enough to keep up with demands of lactation
* sever hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium) results

74
Q

What are the symptoms of milk fever?

A
  • listless
  • staggers
  • lies down; head retraction
  • decreased plasma Ca
75
Q

Whats the treatment of milk fever?

A

-IV calcium solution
-oral calcium bolus

76
Q

Whats the prevention of milk fever?

A

feed less Ca during dry period
(immediately prior to calving);
mediated through PTH

77
Q

When companion animals get milk fever what is it called?

A

Eclampsia or puerperal tetany.

78
Q

When does eclampsia mont commonly occur?

A

occurs 1-3 weeks after giving birth.

79
Q

What type of breeds are at higher risk of eclampsia?

A

Smaller breeds

80
Q

What are sigs of eclampsia?

A

restless and nervous
stiff walk, wobbley
unable to walk, death occurs if no treatment is available.

81
Q

Prevention of eclampsia?

A

Over supplementation of calcium in / during pregnancy increases the risk of eclampsia.
Need to ensure your not giving an over supplement of calcium as the body’s hormone parathyroid needs to regulate it.

82
Q

List sources of magnesium:

A

1-Green plants (chlorophyll modules contain Mg)
2-Mineral sources (MgCO3, MgC12, MgO, MgSO4: (Epsom salts, milk of magnesia)

83
Q

Whats the function of magnesium? (3)

A

1-Important in bone formation (60% in bone)
2-Enzyme activation (CHO and lipid metabolism)
3-Binds mRNA to ribosomes
4-Associated with ATP metabolism

84
Q

Where would you find sodium and chloride sources?

A

1-Minerals (Salt, added at 0.25-0.50% of diet)
2-Animal sources (Meat and bone meal, fish meals have very high salt concentration)
3-Cereal grains (low sodium and chloride content)

85
Q

List functions of sodium and chloride : (5)

A

1-Electrolytes
2-Absorbtion of glucose and amino acids
3-Acid/base balance
4-Osmotic pressure balance
5-HCL and chloride salts in gastric secretions

86
Q

Functions of potassium: (4)

A

1-Abundat mineral in body
2-Regulation of osmotic and acid-base balance
3-Transmission of nerve impulses
4-Cofactor for several reactions in carbohydrate metabolism

87
Q

Where is sulphur located?

A

Located in organic compounds eg-Thiamin & biotin
-Amino acids (methionine, cystine and cysteine)
-Feathers and wool

88
Q

Does sulphur have involvement in acid-base balance?

A

Minimal involvement in acid base balance

89
Q

What % of sulphur is in wool?

A

4%

90
Q

What is iron known as?

A

Trace mineral

91
Q

What are sources of iron?

A

1-Plants (green veg eg legumes)
2-Animal sources (liver, meat and bone meal, blood cells.) (Milk is a poor source of iron)

92
Q

How much iron is in the human body?Whats the functions of iron?(5)

A

About 2-4g of Fe in human body
1-Heamoglobin and myoglobin
2-Redox process
3-Component of many enzymes “metal of life”
4-Brain function
5-Immune function

93
Q

What is thought to slow mental development in humans?

A

Iron deficiency/toxicity

94
Q

What sort of iron is more absorbable?

A

Animal (heme iron) sourced iron is more absorbable than plant (non-heme iron) sources

95
Q

Where does iron absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

96
Q

What is non-heme (Plant) iron absorption increased by?

A

-Vit C
-Meat in diet
-Cirtic acid and lactic acid from foods
-Sugars

97
Q

What is absorption of iron decreased by?

A

-Phytate and fibres (grain products)
-Polyphenols (tea, coffee)
-Oxalates (found in some plants, spinach, chocolate etc.)
-Calcium and phosphorus in milk
-Tannic acid
-Other minerals (calcium, zinc)

98
Q

What does incomplete plant oxidation of carbohydrates bind iron to?

A

Other minerals.

99
Q

Name an iron deficiency:

A

Anemia

100
Q

What % of humans are anemic?

A

30-50% of humans worldwide are anemic
-Mineral deficiency
-Makes you fatigued

101
Q

How is anemia occured?

A

Anuthing that causes boodloss creates a deficiency.
-Menstruating in primates (16-32mg of Fe/menstratin)
-Gastrotestional parasites or pathogens.

102
Q

What type of people can get deficient in iron very easily?

A

Newborn and young animals eg. Pigs, Veal calves, Lambs.

103
Q

Why do veal calves in particular become anemic? What practice should be implemented?

A

They have light coloured muscle because of the low myoglobin content and low blood haemoglobin. this desired characteristic of veal: Practice is to feed low Fe milk replacer

104
Q

Like the 4 population groups that Fe (Iron) deficiency occurs in:

A

1-Infants and children
2-Adolescents in early growth spurt
3-Females during child bearing years.
4-Pregnant women

105
Q

Whos milk is deficient in iron? What happens to there young when they are born?

A

-Sows
-Injected with iron dextran

106
Q

What is symptoms of iron deficiency ?

A

-Poor growth
-Pale skin
-“Thumps”
-Diarrhea

107
Q

What actually happens when you are Iron deficient?

A

1- Reduced number of red blood cells (turnover of RBC’s takes 60-90 days) (Haemoglobin concentration in blood is decreased)

108
Q

Whats iron deficiecy and pica known as?

A

Geophagia

109
Q

What is pica?

A

Craving for non-food substances (clay, wood etc.)

110
Q

What is Zinc known as?

A

A trace mineral just like iron.

111
Q

When was zinc proved to be required?

A

1934

112
Q

Where is zinc found?

A

Found primarily in epithelial cells

113
Q

What are functions of zinc?(2)

A

1-Componant of metalloenzymes (includes DNA, RNA synthases. Carboxypeptidase A & B)
2-Synthesis of skin keratin and collagen (all epithelial require Zn for proper function.

114
Q

What happens when an animal/human is deficient in zinc?(7)

A

1-Impared reproduction, delayed puberty
2-Lesions of skin, disorders of hair, feathers.
3-Growth retardation
4-Low insulin and high ammonia in blood
5-Low white blood cell count: susceptibility to infections.
6-Anorexia
7-Night blindness.

115
Q

What can high Calcium do?

A

Inhibit Zinc absorption

116
Q

What does phytate bind to?

A

Zinc

117
Q

List dietary sources of iodine?(3)

A

1-Seafoods
2-Milk/dairy
3-Iodized salt

118
Q

What is iodine from foods converted to?

A

Iodide (ionic form) in the GI tract

119
Q

Whats the function of iodine? (2)

A

1-Essential component of thyroid hormones (important for regulation of body temperature , basal metabolic rate, reproduction and growth)
2- Regulation in body (almost all is absorbed, excess removed in urine)

120
Q

What controls the production of thyroid hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

121
Q

What happens when iodine deficiency occurs? How does the body respond to this?
What does this eventually lead to?

A

-Thyroid hormone production decreases.
-The body responds to this by secreting more thyroid stimulating hormone.
-Enlargement of the thyroid gland (simple goiter)

122
Q

What is iodine deficiency symptoms: (4)

A

1-Decreased growth
2-Decreased metabolic rate
3-Goiter
4-Cretinism

123
Q

What is goiter?

A

Enlarges thyroid gland due to bodys attempt to increase thyroid hormone production.

124
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy (serious problems in fetal development) Increased incidences of still births and abortions, Stunted growth, deaf, mute, mentally retared.

125
Q

What do certain foods contain?
What do overconsumption of these foods cause?
What does excessive intakes of iodine cause?

A

-Antithyroid substabces called goitrogens.
Soybeans, peanuts, broccoli, cabbage.
-Hypothyroidism
-Enlargement of the thyroid gland

ANS 319 Animal Nutrition (17 decks)

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