Lecture 29: Pulmonary Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What epithelium lines the nares?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium continuous with epidermis; nares contain sebaceous and suderiferous glands and hair follicles

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2
Q

What is respiratory epithelium?

A

Pesudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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3
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

located in nasal cavity roof; respiratory epithelium WITHOUT goblet cells; no distinct basement membrane

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4
Q

Sustentacular cells

A

Support cells with pigment granules (olfactory epithelium)

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5
Q

Basal cells

A

Have pigment granules; stem cells - give rise to immature olfactory cells (olfactory epithelium)

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6
Q

Olfactory cells

A

Bipolar neurons; apical end projects into nasal cavity as knoblike ending w/ non-motile cilia (G-protein linked odor receptors); basal end of cell extends as unmyelinated axon bundled with other similar axons through the ethmoid plate to mitral cells located in olfactory bulb; senesce and replaced by basal cells

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7
Q

Olfactory glands of Bowman

A

Located in lamina propria, secrete odorant binding protein which binds to odorant molecule in nasal cavity

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8
Q

Waldeyer’s Ring

A

Ring of lymphoid tissue around nasopharynx which includes tonsils and adenoids; “portal” in back of nasopharynx that encounters airborne antigens and initiates immune response

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9
Q

Lingual surface of epiglottis

A

Covered with stratified squamous epithelium; lamina propria with loose CT and elastic fibers

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10
Q

Pharyngeal surface of epiglottis

A

Covered with respiratory epithelium; lamina propria with tubuloacinar seromucous glands

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11
Q

False vocal cords

A

Covered with respiratory epithelium, lamina with seromucous glands

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12
Q

True vocal cords

A

Covered with stratified squamous epithelium, lack seromucous glands in lamina propria

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13
Q

Name all 5 tissues found in larynx

A

Respiratory epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Mucosa of trachea

A

Respiratory epithelium, thick basement membrane; Lamina propria with delicate FECT and lymphatic tissue

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15
Q

Submucosa of trachea

A

Many seromucous glands

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16
Q

Adventitia of trachea

A

16-20 horseshoe shaped cartilages interconnected by FECT which are closed by trachealis muscles, mixed glands and capillaries

17
Q

Bronchi

A

2 primary - one to each lung; extrapulmonary; resemble trachea except for smaller diameter and circular cartilage rings

18
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

Each primary divides into 3 on the right, 2 on the left; AKA segmental bronchi - mostly intrapulmonary; circular rings of cartilage transition into irregular plates

19
Q

What happens to histological characteristics of bronchi as they decrease in size?

A

Height of epithelium decreases, there is a decrease in cartilage and glands, and an increase in proportion of elastic fibers and smooth muscles

20
Q

Mucosa of intrapulmonary bronchi

A

Similar to trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi; mucosal folds present due to smooth muscles, elastic fibers prominent

21
Q

Submucosa of intrapulmonary bronchi

A

Characterized by loose CT and lymphatic tissue, contains mixed glands and mucous glands

22
Q

Adventitia

A

Contains hyaline cartilage plates surrounded by dense FECT

23
Q

Name some characteristics of bronchioles

A

Absence of cartilage, glands; sparse goblet cells, mostly smooth muscle; ciliated columnar to ciliated cuboidal; terminal bronchioles form 2 or more respiratory bronchioles

24
Q

Name some characteristics of respiratory bronchioles

A

Low columnar/cuboidal epithelium, cilia present only in larger respiratory bronchioles; no goblet cells, smooth muscle wall within FECT; some alveolar outpocketings as gas exchange occurs here first

25
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

continuation of respiratory bronchioles, cone-shaped and made of squamous epithelium with smooth muscle/FECT

26
Q

Alveoli

A

Several within each alveolar sac; separated by thin alveolar septa; walls composed of Type I, II alveolar cells, macrophages, contain Pores of Kohn

27
Q

Type I alveolar cells/pneumocytes

A

Less numerous than Type II, but cover largest surface area (more spread out); very thin cytoplasm, tight junctions connect with other type I cells, basal lamina may be fused with basal lamina of nearby capillaries

28
Q

Type II alveolar cells/pneumocytes

A

Cuboidal/rounded-bulge into alveolar lumen, serve as stem cells for type I and type II pneumocytes; contain numerous lamellar bodies with lecithin which is a component of surfactant; these cells can also phagocytize old surfactant

29
Q

Pores of Kohn

A

Openings between adjacent alveoli - collateral respiration

30
Q

Neuroendocrine cells

A

May be associated with sensory reception and more prevalent in infants; release catecholamines

31
Q

Clara cells

A

Found only in bronchioles; secrete protein which is a component of surfactant; number increases as ciliated columnar cells decrease; apical surface bulges into lumen of airway; abundant SER for lipid synthesis

32
Q

Dust cells/macrophages

A

derived from monocytes, phagocytize particles not trapped in mucous; connection to CHF: fluid containing hemoglobin breakdown products leak into alveolar spaces and phagocytized by dust cells - iron-containing dust cells are referred to as heart failure cells

33
Q

Blood-Air Barrier

A

Consists of: thin capillary endothelium, thin epithelium of pneumocyte, intervening basal lamina produced by both cell types; permits gas exchange but does NOT allow fluids or cells to enter alveoli