Lecture 28 - Structuring and Organizing Practice

Question 1

What factors influence the quality and effectivness of practice?

Answer 1

• motivation (goal setting)
• mental practice
• instructions (demostration and modelling)

Question 2

What are outcome goals? Give an example.

Answer 2

targets for performance that focus on the end result or outcome of an activity

Winning the stanly cup

Question 3

Who are outcome goals useful for?

Answer 3

Elite athletes

Question 4

What are the advantages of outcome goals?

Answer 4

• easy to measure and observe (you won or you did not)
• provides a visions

Question 5

What are the limitations of outcome goals?

Answer 5

• easily affected by other factors
• no ‘path’ or process (how do they get there?)
• are they realistic or setting up for failure?

Question 6

What are performance goals? Give an example.

Answer 6

targets for performance that focus on improving a specific aspect of performance

improve pass completeion rate to 60%

Question 7

Who are performance goals beneficial for?

Answer 7

amateur level athletes

Question 8

What are the advantages of performance goals?

Answer 8

• not as affected by other/extrinsic factors
• can help with narrowing focus

Question 9

What are the limitations of performance goals?

Answer 9

• may not alter the outcome firectly
• more challenging to measure

Question 10

What can performance goals help with?

Answer 10

to focus practice and target specific skills for learning

Question 11

What are process goals? Give an example.

Answer 11

targets for performance that focus on the quality of movement production (technique)

learning proper squatting technique

Question 12

Who are process goals beneficial for?

Answer 12

Beginner level athletes

Question 13

What are the advantages of process goals?

Answer 13

• directly linked to movement
• very targeted and specific

Question 14

What are the limitations of process goals?

Answer 14

• could cause perceptual narrowing (focus too much on movement, regress to conscious processing) if overemphasize?
• harder to quantify?

Question 15

What do process goals target?

Answer 15

specific components of performance

Question 16

Why and tangible and realistic goals important?

Answer 16

For promoting learning and long-term changes in performance

Question 17

What is mental practice?

Answer 17

the practice of a motor skill in the absence of overt movement

Question 18

What can mental practice help?

Answer 18

image/visualize how to perform the task using good/target behavious in the target environment

Question 19

What is massed practice? Give an example.

Answer 19

a practice schedule in which the amount of rest between trials or sessions is breif

training camp - two a days

Question 20

What is distibuted practice? Give an example.

Answer 20

a practice schedule in which the amount of rest between trials or sessions in long

training for a marathon

Question 21

Organizing practice over a series of sessions

What are the take home messages?

Answer 21

• learners are often mistaken when it comes to what they think is best for them. Its important to listen but you’re th expert (the coach)
• you may have to trade off the efficiency and effectivness of practice

Question 22

rest intervals influence how humans learn a continuouse moto task

What are the take home messages?

Answer 22

• longer rest periods ofetn lead to imporved performance during practice
• differences in learning are generally reduced at retention
• positve effect of rest still evident at retention

Question 23

What type of practice should be used for discrete and serial skills?

Answer 23

masseed practice

Question 24

Is massed practice beneficial for things with low or high coginitive demand?

Answer 24

low

Question 25

Is distributed practice beneficial for things with low or high coginitive demand?

Answer 25

high

Question 26

What is blocked practice?

Answer 26

All trials of a given task or skill are completed before moving to a new task or skill

Question 27

What is random practice?

Answer 27

individuals practice different skills in random order during practice session

Question 28

Does random or blocked practice produce better performance during practice?

Answer 28

blocked

Question 29

Is random or blocked practice better for retention?

Answer 29

Random

Question 30

What does modelling reduce?

Answer 30

differences in performance between blocked and random practice groups

Question 31

What does too much modeling lead too?

Answer 31

Can be bad for learning and retention

Question 32

What does random practice cause?

Answer 32

best retention despite lower performance in practice

Question 33

What does random practice require?

Answer 33

the learner to be engaged because variants or elements of the task practiced change constantly

Question 34

What does random practice provide? What does this increase?

Answer 34

meaningful and distinguishable motor memories of various tasks this increases the strength of motor memories and how well they are retained

Question 35

What does random practice force learners to forget?

Answer 35

short-term solutions after each change in task

Question 36

What does short term forgetting force the learner to generate?

Answer 36

a 'new' solution for each movement

Question 37

What is constant practice?

Answer 37

a practice schedule in which individuals practice on variation repeatedly before moving on to the next skill

Question 38

What is variable practice?

Answer 38

A practice sequence where different variations of the samke skill are practiced in a random order

Question 39

What is serial practice?

Answer 39

Hybrid of constant and variable practice

Question 40

Is constant practice or variable practice more generalizable?

Answer 40

Variable

Question 41

What does variable learning teach us?

Answer 41

teh basic mapping between a parameter (force) and resulting action (throwing distance)

Question 42

Which type of practice schedule is used for motor skill aquistition?

Answer 42

Blocked and random

Question 43

Which type of practice schedule is used for motor skill adaptation?

Answer 43

constant and varied

Question 44

Which type of practice schedule do you do different skills?

Answer 44

blocked and random

Question 45

What does random practice provide?

Answer 45

slower improvments in performance but facilitates long-term learning

Question 46

What does blocked practice provide?

Answer 46

More success during learning which may help confidence, but typically less retention

Question 47

What type of practcie schedule do you do variations of the same skill?

Answer 47

constant and varied practice

Question 48

What does varied practice help with?

Answer 48

rentention of motor learning but may hionder performance on the short term

Question 49

What is constant practice beneficial for?

Answer 49

special skills like free throw shooting