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Biochem > Lecture 27: Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 27: Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Glucagon

A

-peptide hormone produced by a-cells of pancreas
-released when blood sugar DROPS
-raises concentration of glucose and fat in blood stream

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2
Q

Glucagon signaling pathway

A

-binds to GPCR glucagon receptor
-activates GS (adenylate cyclase stimulator)

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3
Q

Cyclic AMP

A

-SECOND MESSENGER
-produced from ATP by ADENYLATE CYCLASE
-hydrolyzed by phosphodiesterase

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4
Q

Cyclic AMP activates:

A

-cAMP-dependent protein kinase
-protein kinase A

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5
Q

cAMP mechanism

A

-binds to inactive PKA and forms complex
-releases active subunits

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6
Q

6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/ fructose2,6bisphosphatase

A

-bifunctional enzyme
-kinase and phosphatase activity
-controls concentration of fructose26bisphosphate

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7
Q

F2,6-BP activates

A

-kinase
-GLYCOLYSIS

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8
Q

F26BP suppresses

A

-phosphatase
-GLUCONEOGENESIS

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9
Q

kinase/phosphatase enzyme in liver

A

-converted from kinase to PHOSPHATASE by protein kinase A in response to GLUCAGON or EPINEPHRINE
-DECREASES F2,6BP and GLYCOLYSIS
-INCREASES gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

Liver releases glucose to the blood stream in response to:

A

-glucagon
-epinephrine

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11
Q

kinase/phosphatase enzyme in heart

A

-phosphatase to KINASE by protein kinase A
-different isoenzyme from liver
-responds to epinephrine
-INCREASES glycolysis

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12
Q

Pyruvate kinase

A

-inactivated in liver by protein kinase A
-PEP is used for gluconeogensis instead of converting to pyruvate

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13
Q

Induction of gluconeogenic enzymes in liver

A

-long-term effects on metabolism
-PKA phosphorylates CREB
-CREB binds to CRE
=gene expression

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14
Q

CRE(B)

A

cAMP response element (binding protein)
-CRE acts within regulatory region of genes

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15
Q

genes responsive to cAMP

A

-PEP carboxykinase
-F1,6BPase
-G6Pase

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16
Q

Glucagon suppresses the expression of

A

-glucokinase
-6-phosphofructo-1-kinase
-pyruvate kinase

17
Q

Glycogen breakdown in liver is stimulated by

A

-glucagon and epinephrine

18
Q

Glycogen breakdown in liver

A

-protein kinase A activates glycogen phosphorylase and inactivates glycogen synthase
-PKA also suppresses glycolysis in liver so glucose is released to blood stream

19
Q

protein kinase A method of action

A

phosphorylation

20
Q

glycogen phosphorylase

A

breaks down glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate

21
Q

Insulin

A

-peptide hormone
-produced by Beta cells in pancreas
-released upon RISE in blood sugar

22
Q

insulin reduces

A

concentration of glucose in blood

23
Q

insulin promotes

A

-glucose uptake
-glycogen synthesis
-glycolysis
-fatty acid synthesis

24
Q

insulin receptor

A

tyrosine kinase

25
Q

mechanism of insulin action

A

-opposes actions of glucagon and epinephrine
-activates cAMP phosphodieterase
-activates phosphoprotein phosphatase
-dephosphorylation of that one enzyme phosphatase to kinase which activates pyruvate kinase

26
Q

cAMP phosphodieterase

A

-lowers cAMP levels
-activated by insulin

27
Q

Phosphoprotein phosphatase

A

reverses actions of protein kinase A

28
Q

Hormonal regulaiton of lipid metabolism by:

A

-glucagon
-insulin

29
Q

Glucagon effect on lipid metabolism

A

-promotes fatty acid OXIDATION
-increase triacyl breakdown by phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase
-suppress acetyl CoA carboxylase by phosphorylation

30
Q

Insulin effect on lipid metabolism

A

-promotes fatty acid SYNTHESIS
-increase fatty acid synthase and acety-coA carboxylase
-activates pentose phosphate pathways

31
Q

Warburg effect

A

-even when O2, cancer cells convert glucose to lactate
-cancer cells use glucose 200x more than normal cell

32
Q

Cancer cells keep carbons in the

A

gluco-WORLD

-part of the metabolism map lol

33
Q

Hotseat

A

Biochem (30 decks)

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