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Biochem > Lecture 14: Cytokines I > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Cytokines I Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokines

A

-small proteins
-control growth and activity of immune-system cells and blood cells =. inflammation response
-coded for by over 100 genes

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2
Q

Cytokine functions

A

-immune cell proliferation and differentiation
-cell migration
-chemoattractant/chemotaxis
-communication
-cytotoxicity
-effect nearly every biological process

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3
Q

Protein therapeutic cytokines

A

-interferon a
-interleukin 2
-erythroprotein

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4
Q

interferon a

A

-multiple sclerosis
-hep C

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5
Q

interleukin 2

A

cancer

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6
Q

erythropoiten

A

anemia

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7
Q

Cytokines sender cells

A

-produce and release cytokines
-macrophage
-B cells
-effector T cells
-Mast cells
-endothelial
-fibroblasts

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8
Q

Cytokine target cells

A

-Macrophage
-B cell
-tumor cell
-plasma cells

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9
Q

cell-cell communications

A

-autocrine (same)
-paracrine (nearby)
-distant (far)

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10
Q

cytokine storm

A

-too many cytokines
-over response
-damage tissue
-deadly

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11
Q

diseases involve cytokines

A

-autoimmune
-metabolic disease
-cancer
-sepsis

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12
Q

Cytokine nomenclature

A

-could be anything tbh
-based on function, secretion, or target
-most are IL

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13
Q

Interleukin

A

-between blood cells

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14
Q

Colony stimulating factor (CSF)

A

-hematopoietic stem cell signaling to develop blood typeshe

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15
Q

chemokines

A

-direct immune cells to places in body

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16
Q

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

-regulate inflammation

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17
Q

Interferons

A

signal defense against viruses

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18
Q

cytokine receptor types

A

-based on common structural features:
-Ig superfamily
-Interferon receptors
-TNF receptors
-chemokine receptors
-TGF receptor
-hematopoietin receptors

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19
Q

pleiotropic

A

-same cytokine can have diff target cells with different biological outcomes

20
Q

cytokine cellular effects

A

-pleiotropic
-redundant
-cascade effect

21
Q

redundancy

A

-different cytokines produce similar effects

22
Q

cascade effect

A

-cytokines stimulate production of other cytokines

23
Q

Interleukins (IL-2, IL-6, etc)

A

-secreted by one leukocyte and acting on other leukocytes in inflammatory response
-between blood cells
-regulate growth/differentiation of hematopoietic cells
-some have 4 helix bundle structure

24
Q

Chemokines

A

-cell migration during development, immune response, cancer
-some ILs are chemokines (CXCL8) produced by macrophages (IL-8)
-monomeric or homodimeric
-receptors are GPCRs

25
Q

Tumor necrosis Factor (TNF)

A

-released by macrophages during acute inflammation
-lead to necrosis and apoptosis
-transmembrane form (mTNFa) and soluble form (sTNFa)
-ribbon structure: beta sheet bell shape

26
Q

mTNF-a

A

-on monocytes and macrophages
-binds to 2 TNF receptors on tissue cells (juxtacrine)

27
Q

sTNF-a

A

-results from cleavage
-binds selectively to one TNF receptor

28
Q

interferons (IFN)

A

-regulate signaling among infected cells
-interfere with viral replication
-activate macrophages and NK cells
-upregulate antigen presentation
-fever symptoms
-3 types based on receptors they bind (I-III)
-helical structure

29
Q

Cytokines are involved in anti-inflammatory pathways and are therefore

A

a possible approach for treatent of pain from inflammation such as peripheral nerve injury

30
Q

Cytokine receptors

A

-some with multiple chains
-activated upon binding
-associated with immune disease
-overly expressed on tumor cells

31
Q

Types of cytokine receptors

A

-Ig family
-hemopoietic growth factor
-interferon
-tumor necrosis factor
-GPCR
-IL-17 receptor family

32
Q

Ig family of receptors

A

-lots of cells
-Ig domain
-IL-1 and IL-18 receptors

33
Q

Hemopoitec growth factor (type 1) family

A

-certain conserved motifs in extracellular domain
-IL-2 receptor and IL-6 receptor

34
Q

SCID

A

-IL-2 difficiency

35
Q

Interferon (type 2) family

A

members are receptors for IFN B and y

36
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (type 3) family

A

-cysteine-rich extracellular binding domain
-binds TNF and some NON-cytokine ligands

37
Q

GPCR family

A

bind chemokines

38
Q

IL-17R family

A

-little homology with any other family
-induce proinflammatory responses and allergic reactions
-may treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease
-signaling pathways not well defined
-IL-17RA, B,C,D,E

39
Q

Chemokines

A

-subset of cytokines
-direct migration of leukocytes to infection
-46 proteins
-23 GPCRs
-chemoattractant

40
Q

chemokine function

A

-immune surveillance
-promote angiogenesis and tissue differentiation
-proinflammatory (release stimulated by other cytokines)

41
Q

Chemokine receptor structure

A

-GPCR with 7TMs
-solid surface/ receptor ribbon that chemokine fits in
-extensive binding surface comprising GPCR external loops and extending into transmembrane helical region

42
Q

vMIP

A

-viral chemokine antagonist from herpes
-thought to bind like CXCL12

43
Q

cytokine receptor cross-reactivity

A

-with multiple diff cytokines
-receptors have multiple different cytokine ligands

44
Q

Type I cytokine receptors

A

-extracelllular domains
-receptor: 2 chains, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2
-in complex with cytokine IFNa
-multiple interactions of dif protein chains might be why cross reactivity

45
Q

Type 1 cytokine receptor intracellular domains

A

-atypical
-long disordered region: lots of residues with no strucutral order or kinase activity
-intracellular signals transduced by binding effector proteins

Biochem (30 decks)

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