Lecture 25: Utilization of Amino Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Amino Acid Catabolism

A

-breaks to NH3 and carbon skeleton

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2
Q

Catabolism of amino acid carbon skeleton

A

-CO2 and water
-glucose
-acetylCoA
-ketone bodies

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3
Q

glucogenic

A

-can be used for gluconeogenesis
-pyruvate
-TCA intermediates

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4
Q

Ketogenic

A

-can be used for fatty acid synthesis or ketogenesis
-acetyl-CoA
-acetoacetyl CoA

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5
Q

Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids

A

-Ile, Thr, Phe, Tyr, Trp

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6
Q

ketogenic amino acids

A

-Lys
-Leu

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7
Q

Glucogenic amino acids

A

-not lys and leu but everything else

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8
Q

Essential amino acids

A

-cannot be synthesized in sufficient amounts by body

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9
Q

Nonessential amino acids

A

-can be made by body
-Ala, Asp, Asn, Glu, Ser

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10
Q

Conditionally essential amino acids

A

-nonessential amino acids that require essential acids for synthesis
-Phe makes Tyr
-Met makes Cys

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11
Q

a-keto acids

A

-amino acids without amine group
-some available as intermediates in glycolysis ot TCA cycle

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12
Q

a-keto acids:

A

-alanine
-aspartate
-glutamate
-pyruvate
-oxaloacetate
-a-ketoglutarate

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13
Q

Transamination

A

-removal of amine group from amino acid
-coupled with production of glutamate from a-ketoglutarate
-catalyzed by aminotransferases
-requires pyridoxal phosphate cofactor

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14
Q

Hotseat

A
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15
Q

Oxidative deamination by glutamate dehydrogenase

A

-removes amine group from glutamate by producing ammonia and NADH
-can catalyze reverse reaction with NADPH but ammonia too low under normal conditions for reaction to occur
-glutamate to a-ketoglutarate

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16
Q

ammonia

A

released amine group of amino acid

17
Q

Oxidative deamination by amino acid oxidase

A

-removes amine group as ammonia
-not significant contribution to metabolism

17
Q

Glutamine

A

-ammonia transporter
-most abundant amino acid
-transported to intestines and converted to alanine and ammonia

18
Q

Alanine in the liver

A

-converted to pyruvate for gluconeogenesis
-converted to ammonia for urea

19
Q

Glutamine synthetase

A

-produces glutamine grom glutamate and ammonia
-requires ATP

20
Q

Flow of nitrogen

A

-amino acids to glutamate to ammonia
-glutamate to alanine to ammonia
-ammonia to glutamine to alanine
-alanine to ammonia to urea

-liver and skeletal muscles

21
Q

Glutamate metabolite

22
Q

tyrosine metabolite

A

-dopamine
-norepninephrine
-epinephrine

23
Q

tryptophane metabolite

A

-seratonin
-melatonin

24
histidine metabolite
histamine
25
glycine metabolite
oxalate
26
y-aminobutyrate (GABA)
-from glutamate -inhibitory neurotransmitter -reduces excitability -negative change in membrane potential (hyperpolarization)
27
catecholamine synthesis
-dopamine converted to norepinephrine and epinephrine in adrenal medulla
28
parkinson's
not enough dopamine
29
serotonin
-regulate mood, appetite, sleep, motility in GI tract
30
Histamine
-allergic response -vasodilation -promote wakefullness -gastric acid release
31
Oxidation of glycine
-results in oxalate -may lead to kidney stones -hyperoxaluria
32
hyperoxaluria
-excessive oxalate production -most commons from diet -lack of enzyme converting glyoxylate to glycine