Lecture 24: Cholesterol Flashcards

1
Q

cholesterol (“bile solids”)

A

-ubiquitous
-30% of human cell membrane
-precursor of BILE ACIDS and STEROID hormones

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1
Q

Where can solid form cholesterol be found?

A

gallstones

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2
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor of

A

-bile acids
-steroid horomones

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3
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

-coronary artery disease and stroke
-caused by cholesterol

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4
Q

Souurces of cholesterol

A

-diet: 200-300mg/day
-synthesis: 1g/day

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5
Q

major producer of cholesterol

A

-liver

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6
Q

Chemical properties of cholesterol

A

-amphipathic
-LOW solubility in water
-high concentration in plasma and bile

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7
Q

Cholesterol transport

A

-by lipoproteins as a free form (30%) or cholesterol ester (70%)

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8
Q

Cholesterol in bile is solubilized by

A

-bile acids
-phospholipids

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9
Q

Synthesis of Cholesterol

A

-from ACETYL CoA in the CYTOSOL
-involves HMG-CoA synthase
-NO HMG-coA lyase activity

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10
Q

Fates of HMG-CoA:

A

-mevalonate (reductase) (cystols)
-acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA (lyase)(mitochondria)

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11
Q

HMG-CoA reductase

A

-HMG-CoA to MEVALONATE
-IRREVERSIBLE RATE-limitng step
-uses NADPH reducing cofactor

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12
Q

HMG-CoA supressed by

A

-cholesterol
-statins

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13
Q

Statins

A

-COMpetitive INhibtors of HMG-CoA reductase
-can lower plasma cholesterol up to 50%
-atorvastatin (lipitor)

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14
Q

Cholesterol ester

A

-stored form of cholesterol in the liver

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15
Q

Fates of cholesterol

A

-cholesterol ester in the liver
-sent out for membranes and steroid synthesis
-converted to bile acids

16
Q

bile acids

A

-AMPHIPATHIC
-secreted into bile
-stored in gall bladder
-secreted to small intestine
-EMULSIFYING agents for dietary fat

17
Q

Bile acids facilitate ___ to emulsify dietary fat

A

-hydrolysis by pancreatic lypase
-absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

18
Q

bile acid sequestrants

A

-cholestryamine and colestipol
-promote excrection of bile acids

19
Q

Regulation point of cholesterol synthesis

20
Q

Plasma lipoproteins

A

-protein/lipid complexes that for aggregates in plasma
-transport lipids from tissue to tissue and participate in lipid metabolism
-distinguished by their density differences

21
Q

Apolipoproteins

A

-each class of lipoprotein has characteristic composition
-serve as ligands for cell receptors

22
Q

Classes of lipoproteins

A

-HDL
-LDL
-IDL (intermediate)
-VLDL
-chylomicrons

23
Q

Lipoprotein structure

A

-INSOLUBLE core
-AMPHIPATHIC shell

24
Chylomicron role
-transport lipid from INTESTINE to LIVER -or to becme glycerol and fatty acids (these go to peripheral tissues)
25
VLDL role in lipid transport
-from liver to IDL -or gycerol + fatty acids
26
IDL role in lipid transport
-send to LDL and back to liver -or glycerol and fatty acids
27
LDL role in lipid transport
-send back to liver -send to peripheral tissues
28
HDL role in lipid transport
-reverse cholesterol transport back to and from liver
29
Familial hypercholesterolemia
-inherited -high LDL blood levels -no feedback inhibtion of cholesterol synthesis -premature arthreosclerosis and heart attacks -mutation of LDL receptor or apo B100
30
Mutations causing hypercholesterolemia
-LDL receptor or apoB100 -little/no LDL receptor production -delivered to wrong place -bad binding -cannot be internalized