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BIOSC 0150 > Lecture 2.6 Study Guide –Fermentation > Flashcards

Lecture 2.6 Study Guide –Fermentation Flashcards

1
Q

Explain why fermentation is important to a cell under anaerobic conditions.

A

enable cells to get energy from glucose when O2 levels are poor/unavailable

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2
Q

Describe why NAD+ must be regenerated and how fermentation mechanistically accomplishes
this.

A

NAD+ must be regenerated to keep the glycolysis phase of fermentation pathways running. Fermentation accomplishes this by removing electrons from NADH molecules and recycles NAD+ molecules for glycolysis.
just like cellular respiration, needs a
molecule that picks up electrons. It
needs molecules of NAD+.
Without NAD+ to pick up high-energy electrons from the splitting of glucose,
glycolysis would stop.

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3
Q

Differentiate cellular respiration and fermentation in terms of inputs, outputs, and ATP
production.

A

cellular respiration—>
inputs= 1 glucose
outputs= 2 pyruvate
ATP production= 36 ATP

alcoholic (ethanol) fermentation—->
inputs= 2 pyruvate, ADP/ Pi
outputs= 2 CO2, NAD+, ethanol
ATP production= 2 ATP

lactate fermentation—->
inputs= Glucose ADP/Pi(lactic acid)
output= Lactate, ATP
ATP production= 2 ATP

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4
Q

Under given cellular conditions, determine whether fermentation or cellular respiration will
occur.

A

high O2 level —> cellular respiration

low O2 levels/no O2—> fermentation

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5
Q

Explain how lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation allow glucose to be oxidized in
the absence of oxygen.

A

daf

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6
Q

Compare and contrast lactate fermentation and ethanol fermentation.

A

the main difference is the products of each fermentation reaction:

  • Lactic acid fermentation–> makes lactic acid molecules from pyruvate
  • alcoholic (ethanol) fermentation—> makes ethanol and CO2 from pyruvate.
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7
Q

Explain why the energy yield of glycolysis coupled to fermentation is low relative to glycolysis
coupled to cellular respiration.

A

fermentation is not efficient in term of energy production, the net energy production for the metabolism of glucose by glycolysis/fermentation is only 2 ATP, vs 32 ATP for aerobic respiration

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8
Q

Aerobic

A

In the presence of oxygen; requiring or using oxygen

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9
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

in the metabolic pathway in which pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into acetaldehyde, and CO2 is released. NADH from glycolysis is used to reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol, thus regenerating NAD+ to keep glycolysis operating.

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10
Q

Anaerobic

A

means to occur in conditions lacking oxygen

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11
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The catabolic pathways by which electrons are removed from various molecules and passed through intermediate electron carriers to O2, generating H2O and releasing energy.

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12
Q

Electron acceptor

A

a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process

main electron acceptor in alcoholic fermentation: NAD+

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13
Q

Ethanol

A

the main product of alcoholic fermentation

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14
Q

Fermentation

A

aka Anaerobic respiration; the formation of ATP without oxygen

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15
Q

Glucose oxidation

A

the primary function of this process within the glycolytic pathway and the citric acid cycle is to produce NADH and FADH2, whose oxidation in the mitochondria generates ATP.

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16
Q

Hypoxic

A

a very low level of oxygen, as in an organic environment

17
Q

Lactate

A

the deprotonated form of lactic acid

18
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

A metabolic pathway in which glucose is catabolized in the absence of oxygen with the production of lactic acid.

19
Q

NAD+

/NADH

A

this electron carrier gets reduced during glycolysis and oxidized in the CAC

20
Q

Pyruvate

A

The ionized form of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon acid; the end product of glycolysis and the raw material for the citric acid cycle.

21
Q

Redox reaction

A

A reaction in which one substance transfers one or more electrons to another substance

22
Q

Glycolysis inputs

A

Glucose
NAD+
ADP/Pi

23
Q

Glycolysis outputs

A

Pyruvate
ATP
NADH
H+

24
Q

Krebs cycle inputs

A 
Acetyl CoA
ADP/Pi
NAD+
FAD
Water
25
Q

Krebs Cycle outputs

A 
CO2
CoA
ATP
NADH
FADH2
H+
26
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation inputs

A

O2
electrons from NADH
FADH2
ADP/Pi

27
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation outputs

A

Water
ATP
FAD
NAD+

28
Q

fermentation inputs

A

Glucose

ADP/ Pi

29
Q

Lactate fermentation outputs

A

Lactate

ATP

30
Q

Alcohol fermentation outputs

A

Ethanol
CO2
ATP

31
Q

what must occur if oxidative phosphorylation isn’t possible due to limited O2 availability?

A

glycolysis must be used to generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

32
Q

The limiting factor for ATP production by glycolysis in a strenuously-exercising muscle that lacks lactate dehydrogenase is the supply of _____

a) O2
b) NAD+
c) ADP
d) pyruvate
e) NADH

A

The limiting factor for ATP production by glycolysis in a strenuously-exercising muscle that lacks lactate dehydrogenase is the supply of _____

a)

33
Q

the following reaction summarizes a step in lactate fermentation. Pyrubate –> NADH + H+ —> Lactate + NAD+. What compound is oxidized and which is reduced in this reaction?

A

Pyruvate –> NADH + H+ —> Lactate + NAD+.
in this reaction:
oxidized (reducing agent):
reduced (oxidizing agent):

34
Q

mitochondria isolates from liver cells can be used to study the rate of ETC in response to a charity of chemicals. the rate of ETC is measure as a rate of disappearance of O2 from the solution using aO2=snestove electrode

In each of the following scenarios, would the rate of O2 disappearance increase decrease, or remain the same

in each of the scenarios, the following would occur
A. increasing the pH of the mitochondrial intermembrane space _______
B. increasing the rate of pyruvate energy into the mitochondria ___
C. blocking the oxidation of FADH2 to complex 2 ____

A

in each of the scenarios, the following would occur
A. increasing the pH of the mitochondrial intermembrane space _______
B. increasing the rate of pyruvate energy into the mitochondria ___
C. blocking the oxidation of FADH2 to complex 2 ____

35
Q

n order to distinguish between these two disorders, a physician could test the patient’s lactate levels during exercise before and after administering glycerol. What would be the expected results if this test were performed? Select all that apply.
Multiple answers:
Multiple answers are accepted for this question
Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation…SHOW MORE
a
Lactate levels would be low after intense exercise and would not increase after glycerol was administered if the patient has a deficiency in lactate dehydrogenase.
b
Lactate levels would be low after intense exercise and would increase after glycerol was administered if the patient has a deficiency in muscle PFK.
c
Lactate levels would be low after intense exercise and would not increase after glycerol was administered if the patient has a deficiency in muscle PFK.
d
Lactate levels would be low after intense exercise and would increase after glycerol was administered if the patient has a deficiency in lactate dehydrogenase.

A

vnbb

36
Q 
The anaerobic conversion of 2 glucose to 4 lactate is accompanied by a net gain of \_\_\_\_\_.
Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer.
a
0 NADH and 2 ATP.
b
0 NADH and 4 ATP.
c
2 NADH and 2 ATP.
d
2 NADH and 4 ATP.
e
4 NADH and 4 ATP.
A

j,vg

37
Q

The fermentation of pyruvate to lactate allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of O2 because this reaction _____.
Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer.
a
produces H2O.
b
is coupled to ATP hydrolysis.
c
is coupled to ATP formation.
d
is coupled to the reduction of NAD+ to NADH.
e
is coupled to the oxidation of NADH to NAD+.

A

mhvhm,h

38
Q

Pyruvate is an important intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Which of the following is true regarding the fate of pyruvate in muscle cells?
Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer.
a
Pyruvate will be oxidized to acetyl-CoA in the presence or absence of oxygen.
b
Pyruvate will be oxidized to acetyl-CoA in the absence of oxygen or reduced to lactate in the presence of oxygen.
c
Pyruvate will be oxidized to acetyl-CoA in the presence of oxygen or reduced to lactate in the absence of oxygen.
d
Pyruvate will be reduced to acetyl-CoA in the absence of oxygen or oxidized to lactate in the presence of oxygen.
e
Pyruvate will be reduced to acetyl-CoA in the presence of oxygen or oxidized to lactate in the absence of oxygen.

A

bmmn

BIOSC 0150 (16 decks)

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