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BIOSC 0150 > Lecture 1.2 - Chemical Foundations of Life > Flashcards

Lecture 1.2 - Chemical Foundations of Life Flashcards

1
Q

List the most common elements found in living organisms.

A
  1. carbon
  2. oxygen
  3. hydrogen
  4. nitrogen
  5. sulfur
  6. phosphorus
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2
Q

Explain why carbon is a key element for life.

A

this element is a key to life because it:

  1. can use its 4 valence (outer) electrons to form 4 covalent bonds w/ with hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, and even other carbon atoms.
  2. form chains, rings, and other complex structures by forming single bonds, double bonds, or triple bonds with another atom
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3
Q

electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract an atom towards itself from an atom to which it is bonded

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4
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a bond formed between hydrogen and another element such as phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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5
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar compounds that readily dissolve in water

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6
Q

nonpolar

A

used describe bonds that have:

  1. electronegativity difference is less than 0.5
  2. electrons are shared equally
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7
Q

single bond

A

a bond with the capacity for rotation in whichch one electron is shared between 2 atoms

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8
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons located in outer most shell of an atom

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9
Q

water

A

a polar, bent molecule capable of forming hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

Determine how many covalent bonds a given atom can form based on the number of valence electrons it has

A

The number of bonds that an atom can form can often be predicted from the number of electrons needed to reach an octet (eight valence electrons)

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11
Q

Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules.

A

n/a

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12
Q

Explain how the properties of water relate to the structure of water and why they make water important for life.

A

Water is the most important molecule for life because the chemical reactions required for life occurin water. Water is a small, bent, polar molecule that can participate in hydrogen bonding.

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13
Q

Describe the four types of noncovalent interactions in both words and pictures.

A

ionic
polar
nonpolar
n/a

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14
Q

acid

A

chemical species that donates protons or hydrogen ions and/or accepts electrons

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15
Q

amino

A

the functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom attached by single bonds to 3 hydrogen atoms

traits:
1. charged
2. basic= a proton acceptor
3. accepts H+ in living tissues NH3+
4. enters condensation reaction by giving up H+

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16
Q

cation

A

an ion that has lost one or more electrons, gaining a positive charge.

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17
Q

functional group

A

Functional groups have distinct chemical and physical properties that influence the behavior of the molecule to which the group is attached

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18
Q

organic molecules

A

molecules that contain carbon

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19
Q

polar covalent bond

A

bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have different electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair.

20
Q

ball-and-stick model

A

this molecular model displays both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them.

21
Q

base

A

accepts a proton, releases a hydroxide anion when dissolved in water,

22
Q

benzene

A

an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6.

23
Q

carbonyl

draw and describe 2 forms

A

a reactive group that is the site of reactions that link aldehydes and ketones into larger, more complex organic molecules

  1. aldehyde
    class of compounds: aldehydes
    ex: acetaldehyde
  • polar
  • C=O group is very reactive
  • carbon atom is double-bonded to one oxygen and singly bonded to one hydrogen
  • important in buildings molecules and in energy-releasing reactions
  1. keto
    class of compounds ketones
    ex: acetone
  • polar
  • made of carbon double-bonded to an oxygen
  • C=O group is important in carbohydrates and in energy reactions
24
Q

carboxyl

A

a functional group with a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group. The molecular formula is COOH.

class of compounds: carboxylic acid 
ex: acetic acids

characteristics:
1. charged
2. acidic; capable of being a proton donor
3. ionizes in living tissues to form COO- and H+ (or COOH)
4. enters into condensation reaction by giving up -OH

25
Q

covalent bond

A
  • this bond occurs when the orbitals of 2 molecules overlap in an energetically stable manner
  • this type of bond involves the sharing of one or more electron pairs between atoms
  • can also be represented in 4 ways
    1. ball-and-stick
    2. molecular formula
    3. structural formula
    4. space-filling model
26
Q

double bond

A

a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

27
Q

element

A

a pure substance consisting only of atoms that all have the same numbers of protons in their atomic nuclei.

28
Q

hydrophobic interaction

A

describes the relations between water and hydrophobes (low water-soluble molecules). Hydrophobes are nonpolar molecules and usually have a long chain of carbons that do not interact with water molecules. The mixing of fat and water is a good example of this particular interaction

29
Q

hydroxyl

A

a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen atom. The hydroxyl group is denoted by -OH in chemical structures and has a valence charge of -1. The hydroxyl radical is very reactive, so it quickly reacts with other chemical species. this group increase the solubility of compounds containing this group

  • class of compounds: alcohols
  • ex: ethanol

characteristics:

  • polar
  • forms hydrogen bonds with water to help dissolve molecules
  • enables linkage to other molecules by condensation
30
Q

ionic bond

A

the force of attraction that holds together positive and negative ions. It forms when atoms of a metallic element give up electrons to atoms of a nonmetallic element.

31
Q

line-angle drawing

A

formulas imply a carbon atom at the corners and ends of lines. Each carbon atom is understood to be attached to enough hydrogen atoms to give each carbon atom four bonds.

32
Q

methyl

A

these functional groups. contribute to hydrophobic and van de Waal interactions

class of compounds:
alkyl
ex: alaninw

characteristics:
* non-polar
* important in interactions w/ other non-polar molecules and in energy transfer
* highly stable
* consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms

33
Q

molecular formula

A

these formulas give the kind and number of atoms of each element present in the molecular compound

34
Q

molecule

A

an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

35
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

equal sharing of the bond electrons arise when the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal.

36
Q

organic molecules

A

molecules that contain carbon

37
Q

phenyl

A

a cyclic group of atoms with the formula C6H5.

38
Q

phosphate

A

a functional group that carries 2 negative charges

class of compounds: organic phosphates 
ex: 3-phosphoglycerat

characteristics

  • phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms
  • has three single bonds and one double bond
  • charged
  • acidic
  • enters into condensations reactions by giving up -OH
  • when bonded to another phosphate, hydrolysis releases much energy
39
Q

polar

A

he electronegativity difference between the two elements needs to be between 0.5 to 1.6.

40
Q

salt

A

The neutral ionic compound formed by the chemical combination of acid and base, or through neutralization.

41
Q

space-filling model

A

The space-filling models are the most realistic. The size and position of an atom in a space-filling model are determined by its bonding properties

42
Q

structural formula

A

Structural formulas identify the location of chemical bonds between the atoms of a molecule. A structural formula consists of symbols for the atoms connected by short lines that represent chemical bonds—one, two, or three lines standing for single, double, or triple bonds,

43
Q

valency

A

ability of an atom or a group of chemically bonded atoms to form chemical bonds with other atoms or groups of atoms.

44
Q

van der waals interaction

A

A weak force of attraction between electrically neutral molecules that collide with or pass very close to each other.

45
Q

sulfhydryl

A

these groups are important in protein structure

class of compounds thiols 
ex: mercaptoethanol

characteristics
8 by giving up H, two -SH groups can react to form a disulfide bridge, thus stabilizing protein structure

BIOSC 0150 (16 decks)

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