2.4 CELULAR RESPIRATION Flashcards

1
Q

• Active site

A

the area on the enzyme where the substrate will bind to it

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2
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

occurs when the binding of an inhibitor to the enzyme’s regulatory site triggers a conformational change that’ll decrease the affinity for substrate at other active sites

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3
Q

Cellular respiration

location?
formula? 
input? 
output? 
net yield?
A

the process by which cells metabolize glucose to produce ATP (energy) for metabolic activity in an organism

location: mitochondria
formula: C6H12O6+ O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)
inputs: Glucose, oxygen
output: Carbon dioxide, water, energy (ATP)
net yield: 34 ATP per glucose molecule

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4
Q

Coenzyme A

A

composed of adenosine triphosphate (ATP – the fuel bodies run on), cysteine (an amino acid), and pantothenic acid (vitamin B-5).

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5
Q

Committed step

A

The first irreversible reaction is the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

  • Thus, it is highly appropriate for phosphofructokinase to be the primary control site in glycolysis.
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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the fluid that fills the cell, which includes the cytosol along with filaments, proteins, ions and macromolecular structures as well as the organelles suspended in the cytosol.

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7
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

the product of the late reaction in a metabolic pathway will inhibit the continuation of that particular pathway

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8
Q

Energy payoff

A

steps 1-5 of glycolysis in which two molecules of ATP are consumed to donate phosphate groups

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9
Q

Glucose oxidation

A

the process by which glucose gets oxidizes to carbon dioxide

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10
Q

FADH2

A

this coenzyme acts as a high-energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain.

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

hjb

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12
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

mvbn

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13
Q

NAD+

/NADH

A

hjb

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14
Q

Glycolysis

A

the breakdown process of a glucose molecule to ultimately form energy in the form of ATP within cells

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15
Q

Inner mitochondrial membrane

A

this s the structure where the intermembrane structure can be found within it

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

an energy producing organelle that transforms glucose into ATP; can be foround within porkaryotes and eukaryotes

17
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

The folded inner membrane encloses a space

18
Q

NAD+

/NADH

A

the reduced form fo this feamle mudicia s

19
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

teh reactcnat that gets an H ion added to it to form an reduced agent

20
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

jhl

21
Q

Reducing agent

A

teh reactcnat that gets an H iion removed from ti ovrvded to it to form an reduced agent

22
Q

Redox reaction

A

a reactioin ub tyoe un shuch a1 gdett of w1

23
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

the process by which a PO3- group produced as a result of a enzyme binding to its substrate

24
Q

step 1

A

A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose, making glucose-6-phosphate. Glucose-6-phosphate is more reactive than glucose, and the addition of the phosphate also traps glucose inside the cell since glucose with a phosphate can’t readily cross the membrane.

25
Q

step 2

A

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into its isomer, fructose-6-phosphate.

26
Q

step 3

A

A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate, producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. This step is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which can be regulated to speed up or slow down the glycolysis pathway.

27
Q

step 4

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate splits to form two three-carbon sugars: dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. They are isomers of each other, but only one—glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate—can directly continue through the next steps of glycolysis.

28
Q

step 5

A

DHAP is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The two molecules exist in equilibrium, but the equilibrium is “pulled” strongly downward, in the scheme of the diagram above, as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is used up. Thus, all of DHAP is eventually converted.

29
Q

step 6

A

Two half reactions occur simultaneously:

1) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (one of the three-carbon sugars formed in the initial phase) is oxidized, and
2) NAD+ is reduced to NADH+ H+. The overall reaction is exergonic, releasing energy that is then used to phosphorylate the molecule, forming 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

30
Q

step 7

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate donates one of its phosphate groups to ATP and turning into 3-phosphoglycerate in the process.

31
Q

step 8

A

3-phosphoglycerate is converted into its isomer, 2-phosphoglycerate.

32
Q

step 9

A

2-phosphoglycerate loses a molecule of water, becoming phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). PEP is an unstable molecule, poised to lose its phosphate group in the final step of glycolysis.

33
Q

step 10

A

PEP readily donates its phosphate group to ADP, making a second molecule of ATP. As it loses its phosphate, PEP is converted to pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis.

34
Q

3 irreversible steps in glycolysis

A

hexokinase; phosphofructokinase; pyruvate kinase