2.3 REDOX REACTIONS: METABOLISM Flashcards
anabolic pathway
reactions that require energy to synthesize larger molecules
catabolic pathway
reactions that generate energy by breaking down larger molecules
cellular respiration
a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products
electron acceptor
these reactants are capable of donating electrons and are reducing agents
electron carrier
examples of this include FADH2 and NADH
electron donor
a reacts that gets oxidized as a result of donating electrons to another compound
fermentation
a metabolic process by which organic molecules (normally glucose) are converted into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen or any electron transport chain.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism
metabolic pathway
A metabolic pathway is a step-by-step series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate molecule or molecules through a series of metabolic intermediates, eventually yielding a final product or products.
ex: one metabolic pathway for carbohydrates breaks large molecules down into glucose.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
an electron used to temporarily store energy during cellular respiration
oxidation
the loss of one or more electrons
oxidized
when an atom, or ion, or moelcules loses elctrons
oxidizing agent
aka electron acceptor; a reactant that removes electrons from other reactants and takes them for itself during a redox reaction, thus gaining electrons and being reduced
reduced
when an atom, ion, or molecule gain one or more electrons
reducing agent
an element or compound that loses (or “donates”) an electron to an electron recipient (oxidizing agent) in a redox chemical reaction. A reducing agent is thus oxidized when it loses electrons in the redox reaction
reduction
the process of donating more or more electron to a particular atom, ion. or molecules
reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction
the reductant (reducing agent) loses electrons, and is oxidized, while the oxidant (oxidizing agent) gains electrons, and is reduced.
Define redox and give an example of a redox reaction
An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. An oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron.
The formation of hydrogen fluoride is an example of a redox reaction. We can break the reaction down to analyze the oxidation and reduction of reactants. The hydrogen is oxidized and loses two electrons, so each hydrogen becomes positive.
H 2+2F→2HF
identify the change in energy that occurs during an oxidation-reduction reaction
oxidiation reatcntion —>
reduction reaction –>
explain why FADH2, & NADH are two important electron carriers involved in a redox reaction
Transferring the electrons NAD and FAD are carrying during an oxidation reaction releases the stored energy that was harvested from glucose. NADH is oxidized back to NAD+, and FADH2 is oxidized back to FAD. This stored energy can then be used to generate ATP, the basic energy currency of a cell.
describe the difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways
catabolic reactions break down molecules and release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds. Anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller ones, they consume energy to do this.
explain why glucose metabolism is central to the metabolic activity of cells
this process is central to the metabolism of cell activity because the catabolism of glucose is necessary to produce ATP from cellular respiration adn fermentation
