L1.6 CARBS Flashcards

1
Q

List features shared by all carbohydrates.

A
  1. polymerize when a condensation reaction occurs between two hydroxyl groups, resulting in a GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE
  2. can be covalently linked into chains to form complex carbohydrates
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2
Q

identify an example of structural isomers

A

Butane and isobutane (C4H10) are structural isomers

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3
Q

Describe the type of monomer, type of linkage, branching (if any), and major functions of starch, glycogen, and cellulose

A

Starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides in plant and animal cells, respectively, that are composed of α-glucose monomers joined by α-glycosidic linkages. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plants, which is composed entirely of β-glucose monomers joined together by β-1,4-glycosidic linkages.

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4
Q

• Explain the major functions that carbohydrates perform in cells

A
  1. provide structural support
  2. function in cellular identity
  3. store and provide energy for cells
  4. provide a substrate for synthesizing more complex molecules
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5
Q

α-glycosidic linkage

A

1,4 alpha glycosidic bonds are formed when the OH on the carbon-1 is below the glucose ring

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6
Q

β-glycosidic linkage

A

1,4 beta glycosidic bonds are formed when the OH is above the plane

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7
Q

aldose

A

monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde group (-CHO)

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8
Q

amino sugar

A

a sugar molecule in which a hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amine group.

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9
Q

carbohydrate

A

are sugars, which provide chemical energy & function as molecular building blocks

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10
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides held together by glycosidic linkages

ex: Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

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11
Q

glucose

A
  1. a simple sugar that naturally occurs and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state
  2. C6H12O6; aka dextrose; is a monosaccharide
  3. exists in an open-chain (acyclic) and a ring (cyclic) form
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12
Q

glycogen

A

a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body
(C6H10O5)n

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13
Q

glycoprotein

A

A molecule that consists of carbohydrate plus a protein; proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (carbs) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains (protein) .

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14
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

Monosaccharides polymerize when a condensation reaction occurs between two hydroxyl groups, Glycosidic linkages can form between any two hydroxyl groups

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15
Q

hexose

A

a 6-carbon sugar

ex: fructose, a-glucose, a-mannose

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16
Q

ketose

A

a monosaccharide that contains a ketone (C=O)

17
Q

monosaccharide

A

the monomeric unit of carbohydrates

ex: sucrose, maltose, Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

18
Q

N-acetyl group

A

an acetyl group that contains a methyl group (CH3) single-bonded to a carbonyl (C=O)

19
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

are small polymers of 3-20 monosaccharides

ex: raffinose, maltotriose, Stachyose

20
Q

pentose

A

a 5-carbon sugar

ex: ribose and deoxyribose

21
Q

Polysaccharide

A

are large polymers of carbohydrates (100-1000)

ex: Starch (Amylose), Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

22
Q

starch

A

a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers joined in α 1,4 linkages; occurring in the form of minute granules in the seeds, tubers, and other parts of plants,

23
Q

structural isomer

A

are molecules made up of the same kinds and numbers of atoms, but that differ in how their atoms are joined together
The spatial arrangement of hydroxyl groups distinguishes one molecule from another

24
Q

sugar

A

the generic term for any disaccharides and monosaccharides. Sugars are an essential structural component of living cells and a source of energy in many organisms. Sugars are classified based on the number of monomeric units present.

  1. Glucose –> exists as a simple sugar
  2. Fructose (a.k.a. fruit sugar) –> exists as a simple sugar
  3. Sucrose (a.k.a. table sugar) = fructose + glucose
  4. Lactose (a.k.a. dairy sugar) = galatose + glucose
25
Q

sugar-phosphate

A

defined as carbohydrates to which a phosphate group is bound by an ester or an ether linkage,

26
Q

triose

A

a 3-carbon sugar

27
Q

Compare and contrast the synthesis of polypeptides, nucleic acids and polysaccharides from
monomeric units.

A
  • A condensation reaction occurs between the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol and the carboxyl groups of three fatty acids
  • This reaction forms a triglyceride (and three molecules of water)
  • The bond between the glycerol and the fatty acids is an ester linkage
  • When one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group and phospholipid is formed
  • Hydrolysis reactions will, in the presence of water, break these molecules down into their constituent subunits
28
Q

cellulose

A

a polymer of β-glucose monomers that serves as a structural polysaccharide in plants