2.1 Energy

Question 1

Describe what a chemical reaction is, and characterize the reactants versus products for a given
reaction (e.g., bonds made/broken, relative energy states).

Answer 1

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Question 2

Distinguish between the different types of energy

Answer 2

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Question 3

Describe the forms of energy in biological systems.

Answer 3

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Question 4

• State the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and explain how they relate to biological
systems.

Answer 4

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Question 5

Explain how the change in Gibbs free energy for a chemical reaction determines if the reaction
can proceed.

Answer 5

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Question 6

Differentiate between exergonic and endergonic reactions.

Answer 6

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Question 7

Use the equation ∆G = ∆H – T∆S to describe biological systems.

Answer 7

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Question 8

Explain the characteristics of ATP that account for the high free energy released during its
hydrolysis.

Answer 8

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Question 9

Explain how coupling reactions to ATP hydrolysis helps drive reactions with a positive ∆G.

Answer 9

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Question 10

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Answer 10

nucleoside phosphate comprised of a ribonucleoside and two phosphate groups.

Question 11

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 11

directly provide energy to chemical reactions

in life that need it

Question 12

ATP hydrolysis

Answer 12

releases energy

Question 13

Chemical energy

Answer 13

Energy released from a substance, or absorbed in the formation of a chemical compound, during a chemical reaction. The energy released from ATP or glucose during a chemical reaction is an example of chemical energy.

Question 14

Chemical reaction

Answer 14

The change in the composition or distribution of atoms of a substance with consequent alterations in properties.

Question 15

Electrical energy

Answer 15

a form of energy resulting from the flow of electric charge.

Question 16

Endergonic

Answer 16

a reaction that releases free energy in the process of the reaction.

Question 17

Energetic coupling

Answer 17

allows endergonic reactions to proceed using the energy

released from exergonic reactions

Question 18

• Energy

Answer 18

The capacity to do work or move matter against an opposing force. The capacity to accomplish change in physical and chemical systems.

Question 19

Enthalpy

Answer 19

The total energy of a system.

Question 20

Entropy

Answer 20

A measure of the degree of disorder in any system. Spontaneous reactions in a closed system are always accompanied by an increase in entropy.

Question 21

Exergonic

Answer 21

a chemical reaction where the change in the free energy is negative (there is a net release of free energy). This indicates a spontaneous reaction if the system is closed and initial and final temperatures are the same.

Question 22

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 22

the first law expresses that energy can be transformed (i.e. changed from one form to another), but cannot be created or destroyed

Question 23

Gibbs free energy

Answer 23

the energy in a system that is available to do work

Question 24

Heat

Answer 24

the flow of thermal energy.

Question 25

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 25

se water to breakdown polymers into monomers and is the opposite of dehydration synthesis, which forms water when synthesizing a polymer from monomers. Hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy

Question 26

Inorganic phosphate (Pi)

Answer 26

It is required in the ATP formation, kinase/phosphatase signalling and in the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. salts of phosphoric acid: inorganic phosphates are inorganic salts.

Question 27

Kinetic energy

Answer 27

energy of movement

Question 28

Light

Answer 28

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Question 29

Mechanical energy

Answer 29

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Question 30

Net reaction

Answer 30

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Question 31

Nonspontaneous

Answer 31

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Question 32

Phosphorylated intermediate

Answer 32

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Question 33

Phosphorylation

Answer 33

Addition of a phosphate group.

Question 34

Potential energy

Answer 34

stored energy

Question 35

Product

Answer 35

molecules that result from the completion of a chemical reaction. progesterone

Question 36

Reactant

Answer 36

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Question 37

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 37

The principle that when energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable for doing work.

Question 38

Spontaneous

Answer 38

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Question 39

Substrate

Answer 39

(1) The molecule or molecules on which an enzyme exerts catalytic action. (2) The base material on which a sessile organism lives.

Question 40

Temperature

Answer 40

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Question 41

Thermal energy

Answer 41

he energy contained within a system that is responsible for its temperature.