L1.5 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Question 1

Central dogma of molecular biology

Answer 1

The process by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein

Question 2

Coding strand

Answer 2

The opposite strand (that is, the strand with a base sequence directly corresponding to the mRNA sequence)

Question 3

Codon

Answer 3

A sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or start/stop signal during translation

Question 4

gene

Answer 4

a section of DNA that encodes the information for building a polypeptide or functional
RNA molecule along with the regulatory sequences required for its transcription.

Question 5

genetic code

Answer 5

a set of rules that specify the relationship between a sequence of
nucleotides in DNA/RNA and the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of a protein. The
genetic code is a triplet code with a number of important properties.

Question 6

genotype

Answer 6

An organism’s underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles,

Question 7

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 7

Carries information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 8

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)

Answer 8

a functional RNA molecule that is transcribed from DNA but not translated into proteins.

Question 9

phenotype

Answer 9

The observable traits expressed by an organism

Question 10

reading frame

Answer 10

a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets

Question 11

reverse transcription

Answer 11

the process in cells by which an enzyme makes a copy of (complementary DNA) cDNA from an RNA template.

Question 12

template strand

Answer 12

the non-coding strand that is copied to make a molecule of mRNA for translation

Question 13

transcription

Answer 13

Information stored in DNA guides the synthesis of mRNA molecules in the process

Question 14

translation

Answer 14

mRNA molecules are used to guide the synthesis of specific proteins in the
process

Question 15

triplet code

Answer 15

also known as a set of three nucleotides

Question 16

Determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein when given a sequence of bases in DNA or
RNA, and vice versa.

Answer 16

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Question 17

Explain how a given genetic information system presents an exception to the central dogma of
molecular biology.

Answer 17

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Question 18

List and explain the properties of the genetic code.

Answer 18

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Question 19

Explain the central dogma of molecular biology.

Answer 19

A gene that encodes a polypeptide is expressed in two steps. In this process, information flows from DNA \rightarrow→right arrow RNA \rightarrow→right arrow protein, a directional relationship known as the central dogma of molecular biology.

Question 20

Explain why RNA must serve as the intermediary between genes and proteins.

Answer 20

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Question 21

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 21

Structural component of ribosomes

Question 22

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 22

Carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation to help build an amino acid chain