L1.5 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

The process by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein

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2
Q

Coding strand

A

The opposite strand (that is, the strand with a base sequence directly corresponding to the mRNA sequence)

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3
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or start/stop signal during translation

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4
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA that encodes the information for building a polypeptide or functional
RNA molecule along with the regulatory sequences required for its transcription.

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5
Q

genetic code

A

a set of rules that specify the relationship between a sequence of
nucleotides in DNA/RNA and the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of a protein. The
genetic code is a triplet code with a number of important properties.

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6
Q

genotype

A

An organism’s underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles,

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7
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Carries information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)

A

a functional RNA molecule that is transcribed from DNA but not translated into proteins.

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9
Q

phenotype

A

The observable traits expressed by an organism

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10
Q

reading frame

A

a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets

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11
Q

reverse transcription

A

the process in cells by which an enzyme makes a copy of (complementary DNA) cDNA from an RNA template.

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12
Q

template strand

A

the non-coding strand that is copied to make a molecule of mRNA for translation

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13
Q

transcription

A

Information stored in DNA guides the synthesis of mRNA molecules in the process

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14
Q

translation

A

mRNA molecules are used to guide the synthesis of specific proteins in the
process

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15
Q

triplet code

A

also known as a set of three nucleotides

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16
Q

Determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein when given a sequence of bases in DNA or
RNA, and vice versa.

A

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17
Q

Explain how a given genetic information system presents an exception to the central dogma of
molecular biology.

A

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18
Q

List and explain the properties of the genetic code.

A

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19
Q

Explain the central dogma of molecular biology.

A

A gene that encodes a polypeptide is expressed in two steps. In this process, information flows from DNA \rightarrow→right arrow RNA \rightarrow→right arrow protein, a directional relationship known as the central dogma of molecular biology.

20
Q

Explain why RNA must serve as the intermediary between genes and proteins.

A

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21
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Structural component of ribosomes

22
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation to help build an amino acid chain