Lecture 25 Flashcards
genetic disorder on chromosome 21 life expectancy: over 60 years longer reaction time longer movement time irregular trajectories high variability small cerebellum can be improved with traiing
Down Syndrome
most common among pervasive developmental disorders
Autism
a spectrum disorder
Autism
difficulty in verbal expression distress for unclear reasons difficulty in social situations lack of responsiveness to words sustained odd play physical over activity or extreme under activity uneven gross/fine motor skills unknown cause low weight cerebellum
Autism
contributing factors: genetic; certain medical conditions; harmful substances during pregnancy
Austism
causes are unknown
increased levels of cocontraction
associated with a smaller cerebellum
Developmental Coordination Disorder
typical features: tripping, running into others; dropping objects; unsteady gait; speech problems
developmental coordination disorder
developmental delays: sitting up, crawling, walking, deficits in handwriting and reading; problems in fine and gross motor skills
developmental coordination disorder
progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles
dystrophies
site: muscle
genetic diseases
mostly males are affected
muscular dystrophy
mutation of gene responsible for dystrophin, a protein involved in maintaining integrity muscle fibers
duchenne dystrophy
late to walk; waddling unsteady gait
respirator dependence by the age of 20
duchenne dystrophy
similar to duchenne dystrophy (mutation of gene responsible for dystrophin)
clinical symptoms appear at adolescence
slower disease progression; longer life expectancy
becker dystrophy
most common adult form of muscular dystrophy
myotonic dystrophy
prolonged episode of muscle activity after its voluntary contraction
myotonia
finger & facial muscles affected first
high-stepping, floppy footed gait
long face; drooping eyelids
myotonic dystrophy
slowed conduction in a single nerve
mononeuropathies
reduced amplitude of motor and or sensory potentials
signs of denercation
mononeuropathies
entrapment of the median nerve at the risk ulnar nerve can be entrapped near the elbow
carpal tunnel syndrome
mostly seen in muscle innervated by median and ulnar nerves
brachial plexus lesions
peroneal pressure palsy
peroneal
tassel tunnel syndrome
tibial
may be associated with demyelinating neuropathies
polyneuropathies
reduced recruitment; conduction block; may result in permanent axonal loss (characterized by demyelination)
Guillain-Barre syndrome
common recovery, but nerve conduction velocity may remain slow
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Neuronal degenerations
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)
2. Poliomyelitis
enterovirus destroying anterior horn cells; EMGs show chronic denervation; may lead to weakness and pain
Poliomyelitis
partial loss of voluntary control of muscle activity
paraesis
total loss of voluntary motor control
plegia
two extremities are involved (forelimbs or hindlimb)
Para
half of the body is involved
hemi
all four extremities are involved
quadri
with positive signs of spasticity
spastic (hyperreflexia)
without positive signs of spasticity
flaccid (areflexia)
hemisyndroms
supraspinal
quadripariesis or quadraplegia
cervical
Dammage to descending and ascending spinal tracts
destruction of spinal neuronal apparatus
spinal cord injuries
demyelination of axons within CNS macrophages and mononuclear cells can strip away myelin impairment of balance intentional tremor disco ordination of limbs dysarthria facial weakness and numbness delayed evoked potentials
Multiple Sclerosis
Bradykinesia tremor rigidity postural deficits deficits in APAs increased preprogrammed reactions
Parkinson’s disease
characterized by chorea and dementia
death after 15-20 years
huntington’s disease
atrophy of caudate uncles, decrease in glutamate and ACh activity
huntington’s disease
generalized, irregular, restless, often psuedopurposive movements
chorea
