Lecture 18: Memory Flashcards
Memory 1
very broad, includes storing a trace of an event for some time, after the event ends
Memory 2
associated with the possibility of active memory retrieval: a trace of the past event is there, but it is not obvious and requires effort or a specific stimulus to get to the surface
A scar would represent ___
Memory-1
The event that caused the scar would be _____.
Memory 2
Soul is responsible for thinking (cognition) body obeys soul and laws of nature. Considered mind a uniquely human feature independent of the body
Dualism
All features of human behavior are reflected in measurable physical properties of neurons and synapses (everything can be measured)
Reductionism
Function of a complex system is an emergent property of all the system elements and cannot be assigned to certain changes in neurons and synapses. The mind is an emergent part of the body, not a separate feature
Neodualism
Habituation Reflexes are ______ learning
Non-associative
Learning not to respond to a stimulus following it’s multiple presentations (usually, when it is not meaningful)
Habituation
The restoration or recovery of a habituated response (usually requires a new, strong stimulus)
Dishabituation
Learning to respond to smaller magnitudes of a stimulus (usually, if it is very meaningful)
Sensitization
Associative learning is a subtype of ____________ memory
non-declarative
Associative learning involves creating a relationship between __________.
two stimuli
Associative learning is generally studied in _______.
animals and involves food as a stimulus/reward
Conditioning is an example of ______.
associative learning
Associating a response with a stimulus based on repetitive presentations; the animal has no initiative. Considered a conditional reflex, rather than inborn reflex
Classical conditioning.
Searching for an that leads to a desired consequence; active exploration. Even monosynaptic reflexes can show it. Requires thousands of repetitions.
Operant conditioning
Three Stages of Memory
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
Encoding
putting an event into an internal code
Storage
maintaining a code over time
Retrieval
using key (intrinsic or extrinsic) to recover the code/event
Short Term memory include
Encoding and Storage
Typically and acoustic, visual, or somatosensory code
encoding
limited capacity; decay; followed by consolidation or loss of memory. effectiveness is typically a few minutes or hours.
storage
Consolidatation of Memory
Processing a sensory stimulus may lead to creating a short-term memory trace in parallel with producing an effector (motor) output. Short-term memory can be consolidated into long0term memory
Pro for Synapses Serving as the Site for Memory
There are phenomena of LTP (long term potentiation) and LTD (Long term depression) (cerebellum, hippocampus
Declarative Memory
Facts, Knowledge, Events
Non-Declarative Memory
- Non-associative reflexes
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Considation-memories more from short term into long term
_____ is a partial loss of memory
Amnesia
Causes of Amnesia
brain injury, stroke, encephalitis, electric shock, etc.
Affects ability to recollect events that occurred after an injury
Anterograde Amnesia
Affects the ability to recollect events that occurred prior to an injury
Retrograde Amnesia
Korsakoff’s syndrome
- chronic alcohol abuse or thiamine deficiency
- defective retrieval
- partial cues or prompts help
Alzheimer’s
- type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior
- progressive disease
- earliest sign inability to remember newly learned things
Hippocampus and Memory
- patients with hippocampal lesion and puzzle solving
- important in storing declarative memory
- neurons show plasticity that may form basis for associative learning
Cerebellum and Memory
long hypothesized to store long-term effects of training, specifically motor memories
Spinal Memory and Memory
likely occurs to interneurons controlling reflex arc.
