Lecture 18: Memory

Question 1

Memory 1

Answer 1

very broad, includes storing a trace of an event for some time, after the event ends

Question 2

Memory 2

Answer 2

associated with the possibility of active memory retrieval: a trace of the past event is there, but it is not obvious and requires effort or a specific stimulus to get to the surface

Question 3

A scar would represent ___

Answer 3

Memory-1

Question 4

The event that caused the scar would be _____.

Answer 4

Memory 2

Question 5

Soul is responsible for thinking (cognition) body obeys soul and laws of nature. Considered mind a uniquely human feature independent of the body

Answer 5

Dualism

Question 6

All features of human behavior are reflected in measurable physical properties of neurons and synapses (everything can be measured)

Answer 6

Reductionism

Question 7

Function of a complex system is an emergent property of all the system elements and cannot be assigned to certain changes in neurons and synapses. The mind is an emergent part of the body, not a separate feature

Answer 7

Neodualism

Question 8

Habituation Reflexes are ______ learning

Answer 8

Non-associative

Question 9

Learning not to respond to a stimulus following it’s multiple presentations (usually, when it is not meaningful)

Answer 9

Habituation

Question 10

The restoration or recovery of a habituated response (usually requires a new, strong stimulus)

Answer 10

Dishabituation

Question 11

Learning to respond to smaller magnitudes of a stimulus (usually, if it is very meaningful)

Answer 11

Sensitization

Question 12

Associative learning is a subtype of ____________ memory

Answer 12

non-declarative

Question 13

Associative learning involves creating a relationship between __________.

Answer 13

two stimuli

Question 14

Associative learning is generally studied in _______.

Answer 14

animals and involves food as a stimulus/reward

Question 15

Conditioning is an example of ______.

Answer 15

associative learning

Question 16

Associating a response with a stimulus based on repetitive presentations; the animal has no initiative. Considered a conditional reflex, rather than inborn reflex

Answer 16

Classical conditioning.

Question 17

Searching for an that leads to a desired consequence; active exploration. Even monosynaptic reflexes can show it. Requires thousands of repetitions.

Answer 17

Operant conditioning

Question 18

Three Stages of Memory

Answer 18

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 19

Encoding

Answer 19

putting an event into an internal code

Question 20

Storage

Answer 20

maintaining a code over time

Question 21

Retrieval

Answer 21

using key (intrinsic or extrinsic) to recover the code/event

Question 22

Short Term memory include

Answer 22

Encoding and Storage

Question 23

Typically and acoustic, visual, or somatosensory code

Answer 23

encoding

Question 24

limited capacity; decay; followed by consolidation or loss of memory. effectiveness is typically a few minutes or hours.

Answer 24

storage

Question 25

Consolidatation of Memory

Answer 25

Processing a sensory stimulus may lead to creating a short-term memory trace in parallel with producing an effector (motor) output. Short-term memory can be consolidated into long0term memory

Question 26

Pro for Synapses Serving as the Site for Memory

Answer 26

There are phenomena of LTP (long term potentiation) and LTD (Long term depression) (cerebellum, hippocampus

Question 27

Declarative Memory

Answer 27

Facts, Knowledge, Events

Question 28

Non-Declarative Memory

Answer 28

• Non-associative reflexes
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Considation-memories more from short term into long term

Question 29

_____ is a partial loss of memory

Answer 29

Amnesia

Question 30

Causes of Amnesia

Answer 30

brain injury, stroke, encephalitis, electric shock, etc.

Question 31

Affects ability to recollect events that occurred after an injury

Answer 31

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 32

Affects the ability to recollect events that occurred prior to an injury

Answer 32

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 33

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 33

• chronic alcohol abuse or thiamine deficiency
• defective retrieval
• partial cues or prompts help

Question 34

Alzheimer’s

Answer 34

• type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior
• progressive disease
• earliest sign inability to remember newly learned things

Question 35

Hippocampus and Memory

Answer 35

• patients with hippocampal lesion and puzzle solving
• important in storing declarative memory
• neurons show plasticity that may form basis for associative learning

Question 36

Cerebellum and Memory

Answer 36

long hypothesized to store long-term effects of training, specifically motor memories

Question 37

Spinal Memory and Memory

Answer 37

likely occurs to interneurons controlling reflex arc.