Lecture 16: Basil Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

The basal ganglia consist of five paired structures that include:

A

the globes pallidus, the putamen, the caudate nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, and the substantial nigra

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2
Q

What is the importance of the basal ganglia

A

for control of voluntary movements (inferred mostly from clinical observations)

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3
Q

Disorders of the basal ganglia can cause____.

A

excessive involuntary movements to movement poverty and slowness, typically without paralysis.

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4
Q

The _____ and the _____ are the sites of almost all afferent inputs to the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus and the putamen

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5
Q

Much of the input comes from different areas of the cerebral cortex; other input comes from _______.

A

nuclei of the thalamus

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6
Q

Direct Pathway: Projections from the cortex onto the ______ and _______. Project directly onto thalamus and back to cerebral cortex

A

GPi (internal globus pallidus) and substantia nigra.

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7
Q

Direct Pathway: Direct Loop has _____________on cortical neurons (positive feedback)

A

net excitatory effect

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8
Q

Direct Pathway: Believed to play a major role in the control of ________.

A

limb movements

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9
Q

Indirect Pathway: Projects from the cortex onto the _______, then to the _______.

A

GPe (external); subthalamic nuclei

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10
Q

Indirect Pathway: Indirect loop has a ___________ on cortical neurons (negative feedback)

A

net inhibitory effect

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11
Q

Indirect Pathway: Believed to play a role in __________.

A

oculomotor control

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12
Q

Direct and Indirect loops contribute to the _________.

A

motor circuit of the basal ganglia

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13
Q

Most of the thalamic projections to the cortex are directed to the ______.

A

premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area

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14
Q

Connectections within the cortico-basal-thalamo cortical loop are mostly____.

A

inhibitory

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15
Q

Hypothesis of BG: They disinhibit ares of the ________ and thus allow movement to occur. (not well supported)

A

motor system

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16
Q

Hypothesis of BG: They turn off ______ and thus allow voluntary movement to occur. (not well supported)

A

postural activity

17
Q

Hypothesis of BG: They are involved in ________ and ________ voluntary movements.

A

sequencing and initiating

18
Q

Hypothesis of BG: They do a number of things in parallel that are related to __________.

A

movment

19
Q

Hypothesis of BG: They help prevent unwanted ________.

A

movements