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Neural Control of Movement > Lecture 17: Pathways > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Ascending

A

from the periphery to the center

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2
Q

Descending

A

from the center to the periphery

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3
Q

Common features of ascending and descending pathways

A
  • presence of synaptic relays
  • integration of information
  • topographic organization (motor and sensory maps)
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4
Q

Typical features of pathways within the central nervous system involve the presence of:

A

synaptic relays
the integration of information from different pathways
topographic information

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5
Q

Ascending Pathways include

A

first order neurons
second order neurons
third order neurons

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6
Q

First-Order neurons

A

primary afferent neurons

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7
Q

Second-order neurons

A

relays between first-order neurons and brain centers; typically in the spinal cord and the brain stem

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8
Q

Third order neurons

A

commonly in thalamic nuclei.

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9
Q

Afferent fibers enter the spinal cord through the _____.

A

dorsal columns

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10
Q

________ typically terminate in rexed laminae I and II

A

Small, unmyelinated fibers

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11
Q

_______ terminate in laminae III and IV, and muscle afferents (Ia and II) terminate anywhere from lamina V to lamina IX

A

larger sensory fibers

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12
Q

The dorsal columns of the spinal cord carry information from ____ to the _____.

A

sensory neurons in the spinal ganglia to the brain

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13
Q

The ascending fibers of the dorsal column pathway terminate in the _______.

A

cuneate and gracile nuclei in the medulla (sense of touch)

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14
Q

Articular and group I muscle receptors travel in the _____________ and make a relay in nucleus Z before joining and medial lemniscus.

A

dorsolateral funiculus

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15
Q

The spinothalamic tract consists of ____-

A

the axons of neurons whose bodies lie in the dorsal and intermediate parts of the gray matter

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16
Q

The Spinothalamic Tract: The Axons cross the midline and travel along the ______.

A

contralateral side of the spinal cord in the ventrolateral funiculus

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17
Q

The Spinothalamic Tract: This tract coveys the ______.

A

sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

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18
Q

The Spinocereberllar Tracts: The cerebellum receives information from _____

A

peripheral sensory receptors

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19
Q

The cerebellum receiver information from peripheral sensory receptors by means of ______.

A

the dorsal, central, and rostral spinocerebellar tracts; the cuneocerebellar; and the spino-cerebellar tract

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20
Q

Ascends in Clarke’s column. Carries information from proprioceptors in the lower extremeties. Also has projections to nucleus Z and the VPL thalamus.

A

Dorsal (DSCT)

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21
Q

carries information from upper extremities

A

Cuneocerebellar

22
Q

ascends laterally in the central horm. Carries FRA information from the lower extremities and afferent (sensory) signals.

A

Ventral (VSCT)

23
Q

carries FRA information from upper extremeties. Also carries efferent signals.

A

Rostral (RSCT)

24
Q

Spinoreticular Tract: Ascends in the ______ directly to the reticular formation.

A

ventrolateral fasciculus

25
Q

The spinoreticular tract plays a role in _____________.

A

controlling the sense of pain.

26
Q

Corticospinal Tract: The pyramidal tract consists of ______.

A

two major groups of axons.

Axons of the first group go down to the spinal cord (corticospinal tract)]

27
Q

Corticospinal Tact: Some fibers leave the pyramidal tract and _____.

A

innervate the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves (corticobulbar tract).

28
Q

Pyramidal Tract = ______ + ______

A

Corticospinal Tract + Corticobulbar Tract

29
Q

Pyramidal Tract

A

30% from M1
30% from premotor and supplementary motor
40% from somatosensory areas

30
Q

Lateral CST

A

contains 80% of the fibers that decussate at the brain stem. Has direct projections to both INs and MNs.

31
Q

Ventral CST

A

contains about 20% of the fibers that do not decussate. Mostly controls axial trunk muscles.

32
Q

Corticobulbar Tract

A

exits at the pyramids. Controls cranial nerves (such as facial muscles and articulators)

33
Q

Rubrospinal tract originates in the _____

A

red nucleus

34
Q

Rubrospinal Tract receives input from ______.

A

the motor cortex, the cerebellum, and the olives

35
Q

Rubrospinal decussates at ______.

A

midbrain and descends adjacent to the lateral CST; it also has projections to the olives.

36
Q

function of Rubrospinal Tract

A

nobody knows for sure, but it is suspected of being of major importance for motor coordination.

37
Q

The rubrospinal tract crosses the midline __________.

A

close to its origin and brances to other brain structures, including the interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum, the olives, and the vestibular nuclei

38
Q

The rubrospinal tract is part of the ____ loop

A

cerebellum-red nucleus-olive-cerebellum loop

39
Q

Main inputs of the vestibulospinal tracts.

A

the cerebellum and the labyrinth

40
Q

Lateral VST: comes from the LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS. Descends ipsilaterally to the ____________. Makes connections with INs.

A

lumbar level

41
Q

Lateral VST plays a role in _____.

A

the control of posture

42
Q

Medial VST comes from the MEDIAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS. Descends ipsilaterally to the _________. Makes connections with INs.

A

mid-thoracic level

43
Q

Medial VST plays a role in _____.

A

the control of posture and perhaps head position.

44
Q

Vestibulospinal Tracts: Vestibular nuclei receive main inputs from the ____ and the _______.

A

cerebellum and the labryinth

45
Q

Vestibulospinal Tracts: _________ nucleus give rise to the lateral vestibulospinal tract and the medial vestibular nucleus is the origin of the medial vestibulospinal tract.

A

Neurons in Deiters’

46
Q

Medial RST

A

to spinal INs (ipsilaterlaly). Its effects are mostly inhibitory.

47
Q

Lateral RST

A

to INs in the ventral parts of the spinal cord. Postural control of proximal extensor muscles

48
Q

Reticulospinal Tract is suspects of _____.

A

brining the startle reaction

49
Q

Tectospinal Tract: it comes from the neurons in the ________.

A

superior colliculus.

50
Q

Tectospinal Tract: It decussates and plays a role in _______.

A

motor reactions to visual stimuli (head orientation to visual stimuli by controlling the neck muscles)

51
Q

Interstitiospinal Tract: It comes from the neurons in the _______.

A

midbrain

52
Q

Interstitiospinal Tract function is ______.

A

a mystery

Neural Control of Movement (24 decks)

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