Lecture 22 - Intro to Metabolism Flashcards
Series of linked chemical reactions that begin with a molecule and convert it to something else in a stepwise, carefully defined fashion
metabolism
Builds energy or converts energy/molecules into biologically useful forms
catabolism (ca+abolism = building things up)
Metabolic reaction class that requires energy to break things down.
anabolism
Contains a large -delta G and is the “free energy currency” of the cell
ATP
Movement of inorganic phosphates moves ______ around the cell.
energy
ATP acts as an energy donor by _________.
releasing energy with cleavage of phosphodiester bonds
Oxidation of carbon fuels produces _____.
CO2, water, and ATP
What is the “primary role of catabolism?”
Generate ATP
Rank the following in order of least to greatest energy levels:
CO2, formaldehyde, formic acid, methane, methanol
Why did you choose that ranking?
CO2, formic acid, formaldehyde, methanol, methane
Molecules that have the greater ability to be oxidized (like methane-all hydrocarbon bonds) have greater energy of oxidation, and therefore, greater energy release.
Oxidation of fuels takes place ____ carbon(s) at at time.
one
The two main functions of fuel metabolism are ____ and ___.
generation of ATP; formation of a [gradient] (this allows for high potential energy)
Describe the three stages of energy extraction from foodstuffs
1) Absorption of molecules
2) Conversion into smaller units with minute ATP generation
3) Production of large amounts of ATP from aerobic respiration
Describe the process by which metabolism is regulated
1) Controlling [enzyme]
2) Control catalytic activity (1* allosteric control)
3) Controlling access to substrates (compartmentalizing everything)
Describe the forms of protein that each X-ray crystallography and NMR can investigate.
XRC - crystallized protein (a drawback)
NMR - protein in solution (a positive)
Describe the protein size that each X-Ray Crystallography and NMR can investigate
XRC - no size limit
NMR - large small proteins/protein domains
Rank the energy released from ATP by cleavage of each bond from greatest to least.
ATP -> ADP + Pi (unstable)
ADP -> AMP + Pi
AMP -> Adenine + Pi (very stable)
Many electron carriers in metabolic reactions are \_\_\_\_\_ based. A. Adenine B. Cytosine C. Guanine D. Thymidine
A. Adenine
Regarding protein size, what is an advantage to X-Ray crystallography?
A. There is no limit to protein size that can be examined, and can tell atomic distances
B. The protein must be small enough to be crystallized, making it useful for examining small, membrane bound proteins
C. The protein must be in solution, which allows for examination of large, soluble proteins
A. There is no limit to protein size that can be examined, and can tell atomic distances
What is an advantage of NMR in regard to protein size?
A. There is no limit to protein size that can be examined, and can tell atomic distances
B. The protein must be small enough to be crystallized, making it useful for examining small, membrane bound proteins
C. The protein must be in solution, which allows for examination of large, soluble proteins
C. The protein must be in solution, which allows for examination of large, soluble proteins
Which of the following is only able to tell information regarding the movement of electrons in proteins?
A. NMR
B. X-ray crystallography
A. NMR
Which of the following is able to show distance between atoms/protein shape?
A. NMR
B. X-ray crystallograpy
B. X-ray crystallography
The well fed liver relies on _____ for energy.
A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies
A. Fatty acids
The fasting liver relies on _____ for fuel.
A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies
C. glucose
The well fed heart relies on ___ for fuel.
A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies
A. fatty acids
The fasting heart relies on _____ for fuel.
A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies
B. lactate
The well fed muscle relies on _____ for fuel.
A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies
C. glucose
The fasting muscle relies on ____ for fuel.
A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies
D. ketone bodies
The well fed brain relies on ____ for fuel.
Glucose
The fasting brain relies on _______ for fuel in early starvation.
A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies
C. glucose
via gluconeogenesis in the liver
The fasting brain relies on _____ for fuel in late starvation.
A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies
D. ketone bodies
