Lecture 22 - Intro to Metabolism

Question 1

Series of linked chemical reactions that begin with a molecule and convert it to something else in a stepwise, carefully defined fashion

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

Builds energy or converts energy/molecules into biologically useful forms

Answer 2

catabolism (ca+abolism = building things up)

Question 3

Metabolic reaction class that requires energy to break things down.

Answer 3

anabolism

Question 4

Contains a large -delta G and is the “free energy currency” of the cell

Answer 4

ATP

Question 5

Movement of inorganic phosphates moves ______ around the cell.

Answer 5

energy

Question 6

ATP acts as an energy donor by _________.

Answer 6

releasing energy with cleavage of phosphodiester bonds

Question 7

Oxidation of carbon fuels produces _____.

Answer 7

CO2, water, and ATP

Question 8

What is the “primary role of catabolism?”

Answer 8

Generate ATP

Question 9

Rank the following in order of least to greatest energy levels:
CO2, formaldehyde, formic acid, methane, methanol

Why did you choose that ranking?

Answer 9

CO2, formic acid, formaldehyde, methanol, methane

Molecules that have the greater ability to be oxidized (like methane-all hydrocarbon bonds) have greater energy of oxidation, and therefore, greater energy release.

Question 10

Oxidation of fuels takes place ____ carbon(s) at at time.

Answer 10

one

Question 11

The two main functions of fuel metabolism are ____ and ___.

Answer 11

generation of ATP; formation of a [gradient] (this allows for high potential energy)

Question 12

Describe the three stages of energy extraction from foodstuffs

Answer 12

1) Absorption of molecules
2) Conversion into smaller units with minute ATP generation
3) Production of large amounts of ATP from aerobic respiration

Question 13

Describe the process by which metabolism is regulated

Answer 13

1) Controlling [enzyme]
2) Control catalytic activity (1* allosteric control)
3) Controlling access to substrates (compartmentalizing everything)

Question 14

Describe the forms of protein that each X-ray crystallography and NMR can investigate.

Answer 14

XRC - crystallized protein (a drawback)

NMR - protein in solution (a positive)

Question 15

Describe the protein size that each X-Ray Crystallography and NMR can investigate

Answer 15

XRC - no size limit

NMR - large small proteins/protein domains

Question 16

Rank the energy released from ATP by cleavage of each bond from greatest to least.

Answer 16

ATP -> ADP + Pi (unstable)
ADP -> AMP + Pi
AMP -> Adenine + Pi (very stable)

Question 17

Many electron carriers in metabolic reactions are \_\_\_\_\_ based. 
A. Adenine
B. Cytosine
C. Guanine
D. Thymidine

Answer 17

A. Adenine

Question 18

Regarding protein size, what is an advantage to X-Ray crystallography?

A. There is no limit to protein size that can be examined, and can tell atomic distances
B. The protein must be small enough to be crystallized, making it useful for examining small, membrane bound proteins
C. The protein must be in solution, which allows for examination of large, soluble proteins

Answer 18

A. There is no limit to protein size that can be examined, and can tell atomic distances

Question 19

What is an advantage of NMR in regard to protein size?

A. There is no limit to protein size that can be examined, and can tell atomic distances
B. The protein must be small enough to be crystallized, making it useful for examining small, membrane bound proteins
C. The protein must be in solution, which allows for examination of large, soluble proteins

Answer 19

C. The protein must be in solution, which allows for examination of large, soluble proteins

Question 20

Which of the following is only able to tell information regarding the movement of electrons in proteins?
A. NMR
B. X-ray crystallography

Answer 20

A. NMR

Question 21

Which of the following is able to show distance between atoms/protein shape?
A. NMR
B. X-ray crystallograpy

Answer 21

B. X-ray crystallography

Question 22

The well fed liver relies on _____ for energy.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

Answer 22

A. Fatty acids

Question 23

The fasting liver relies on _____ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

Answer 23

C. glucose

Question 24

The well fed heart relies on ___ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

Answer 24

A. fatty acids

Question 25

The fasting heart relies on _____ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

Answer 25

B. lactate

Question 26

The well fed muscle relies on _____ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

Answer 26

C. glucose

Question 27

The fasting muscle relies on ____ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

Answer 27

D. ketone bodies

Question 28

The well fed brain relies on ____ for fuel.

Answer 28

Glucose

Question 29

The fasting brain relies on _______ for fuel in early starvation.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

Answer 29

C. glucose

via gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 30

The fasting brain relies on _____ for fuel in late starvation.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

Answer 30

D. ketone bodies