Lecture 22 Ethics Flashcards
Why ethics?
Norms how we should live
Research in the life sciences raises particular ethical concerns which scientists need to understand (sensitive)
What is the value of health research?
Improve health
Knowledge
Beneficence
Duty to do good
Produce something good
Benefit people
Non maleficence
Duty not to harm people without justification
Basic ethical considerations
What can we do make research ethically ok?
- Researchers take account both benefits and the harms
- Aware of vulnerabilities of participants
- Avoid conflicts of interest
- Obtain informed consent
- Consider how the benefits and burdens of the research would be distributed
- Introduce regulations and process to ensure these all happen
NEAC Guidelines: Underlying
ethical considerations
1.Respect for persons • Respect for autonomy • Protection of vulnerable people 2.Justice 3.Beneficence and non-maleficence 4.Integrity 5.Diversity 6.Addressing conflict of interest
what does NEAC stand for?
National ethics advisory committee
Nuremberg code
international agreement on how health research should be conducted
german WW2 research on concentration campls
Declaration of helsinki 1964
ethical requirements for research involving human subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data.
Japan WW2. not prosecuted secret agreement USA
Clinical equipoise
Generally uncertain
Applies to intervention studies
If going to intervene into someones situation, shouldnt be making a situation worse of than they would be if they werent in the study
NEAC guidelines
Make sure its not just your opinion actually need to produce evidence to show that you have equipoise
what are some examples (experiments) of protecting vulnerable
Tuskegee syphilis - (african, lied about treatment)
The Milgram Experiment: (shocking, obey authority)
For example, doctors are often not permitted to directly recruit their own patients to studies. why?
Patients might not be able to say no
Milgram experiment
There are special expectations on how we involve vulnerable people in experiments
- Ethics have to be made to mitigate any sense of coercion
- Ensure decisions voluntary
Conflict of interest
Any situation where you might have competing interests
Right 6
Everyone has the right to information
Right 7
Everyone has the right to make an inform choice and give informed consent
Disclosure of the purpose, risks, and processes of the study
- Disclosure of information
- Study - what is study going to involve, cost, what will happen, whats the purpose