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Digestive MBChB 2 > Lecture 21; Vitamins > Flashcards

Lecture 21; Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What is RDI based on?

A

A level of nutrient that is determined to be sufficient for 98% of the population

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2
Q

When it comes to vitamins and RDI, whats important in drug toxicity?

A

Whether the vitamin is water of fat soluble will be important in its toxicity

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3
Q

What makes vitamins dangerous, i.e fat vs water soluble?

A

Water soluble; Excess vitamins are excreted in the urine

Fat soluble; Cant be easily excreted because theyre fatty (liophilic)

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4
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A
  • Vit B1,2,3,5,6,12
  • Vit C
  • Folic acid
  • Biotin
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5
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • Vit A, D, E, K
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6
Q

Describe the absorption, transport, storage and excretion of water soluble vitamins?

A

Absorption = Direct into blood

Transport = Freely travel

Storage = Circulate freely in water parts body

Excretion = Kidneys detect and secrete

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7
Q

Describe the absorption, transport, storage and excretion of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Absorption = Lymph, then blood

Transport = Many need protein carriers

Storage = Stored in cells assc. with fat

Excretion = Tend to remain in fat storage sites.

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8
Q

What can affect bioavailability?

A
  • Efficiency of digestion / transit time
  • Nutritional status and previous nutrient intake
  • Other foods consumed simultaneously (do they hinder absorption)
  • Food preparation method
  • Source, synthetic or natural
  • Health status, conditions impacting absorption or meds.
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9
Q

What are the functions of the B vitamins?

A
  • Metabolism of energy yielding intermediates via red/ox reactions (B1,2,3)
  • Transamination (B6)
  • Transmethylation (B9, 12)
  • Constituent of coenzyme (B5)
  • Carboxylation of using coenzyme A (B7)
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10
Q

What do B factors generally do?

A

Co-factors for enzymes in metabolism (of glucose etc)

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11
Q

What are the sources of Thiamine?

A
  • Whole grain, fortified, or enriched grain products
  • Moderate amounts in all nutritious food
  • Pork
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12
Q

What is thiamine deficiency called?

A

“beriberi”
- Wet (cardiac)
OR
- Dry (neurological)

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13
Q

What is wet beriberi?

A

Leaking of fluid into tissues

  • Oedema
  • Tachycardia
  • Heart failure
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14
Q

What is dry beriberi?

A

Neurological

  • Peripheral neuropathy (Can lead to inability to walk)
  • Wasting
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15
Q

Is thiamine strictly wet or dry?

A

Can be a combination

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16
Q

What are the causes of thiamine deficiency?

A

Developed countries; Alcoholism

17
Q

What are two neurological conditions related to thiamine deficiency?

A
  • Wernicke encephalopathy, (language problems, walking difficulty, unusual eye movement)
  • Korsakoff syndrome, amnesia, inability to learn, confabulation
18
Q

How is folate found in food? how does it change in the gut?

A

Folate occurs naturally as POLYGLUTAMATE, the intestine digestion breaks off the glutamate and adds a methyl group. Now can be absorbed.

19
Q

What does folate metabolism need?

A

Folate works in unison with B12 (one cant work w/o the other)

Hard to differentiate B12 or folate deficiency

20
Q

What happens with a deficiency in folate or B12?

A

Deficiency in either decreases DNA / cell turnover

i.e needed for DNA synthesis.

21
Q

What can cause B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anemia

22
Q

What does a folate deficiency result in?

A
  • Macrocytic anemia

- Neural tube defect i.e spina bifida, anencephaly

23
Q

What can cause folate deficiency?

A
  • low dietary intake
  • Increased need i.e PREGNANCY
  • Reduced intestinal absorption
  • Medication i.e anticonvulsant
  • Associated with alcoholism
  • Folate antagonists (Methotrexate, cancer drug)
24
Q

Whats the other vitamin deficiency important to NZ?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

25
Q

What is vitamin D important in?

A

Regulates Ca uptake for the bone i.e deficiency leads to rickets because poor calcium uptake from gut

Regulation of immune functions

Regulation of cell growth

26
Q

What can vitamin D deficiency cause?

A
  • Rickets - children

- Osteomalacia in adults

27
Q

Who needs vitamin supplements?

A
  • Poor nutrient intake
  • Increased nutrient requirements
  • Increased metabolic demands (surgery, trauma)
  • Maldigestion or malabsorption
  • Drug-nutrient interactions
  • Medical treatment interactions i.e chemo or radiation
  • Need for pharmacological doses

Digestive MBChB 2 (31 decks)

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