Lecture 21 - Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Question 1

urine

Answer 1

• liquid by-product of metabolism in humans
• flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder

Question 2

urinary tract

Answer 2

the body’s drainage system for removing urine

Question 3

what makes up the urinary tract?

Answer 3

• two kidneys
• two ureters
• a bladder
• urethra

Question 4

micturition

Answer 4

the act of urinating

Question 5

what is a nephron?

Answer 5

a component of the kidney that produces urine by filtering, resorption and secretion

Question 6

what is renin?

Answer 6

• an enzyme that helps control your blood pressure
• maintain healthy levels of sodium and potassium in your body

Question 7

what is the macula densa?

Answer 7

• is the terminal end of the nephron loop
• consists of cells that act as chemoreceptors for monitoring sodium levels

Question 8

what are renal calculi?

Answer 8

• known as kidney stones
• hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys

Question 9

what does retroperitoneal mean?

Answer 9

• behind the parietal peritoneum
• where the kidneys are located

Question 10

what are UTI’s?

Answer 10

infections that happen when bacteria enter the urethra and infect the urinary tract

Question 11

what is cystisis?

Answer 11

inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bladder infection.

Question 12

what is pyelonephritis?

Answer 12

a bacterial infection causing inflammation of the kidneys

Question 13

what are the primary sex organs?

Answer 13

male = testes
female = ovaries

Question 14

what are the accessory sex organs?

Answer 14

all other genetalia besides testes and ovaries in boys and girls

Question 15

what are gonads?

Answer 15

• are the primary sex organs
• glands that produce hormones in the body

Question 16

what are gametes?

Answer 16

• a reproductive cell
• female gametes = egg cells
• male gametes = sperm.

Question 17

what is dartos muscle?

Answer 17

• a thin sheet of smooth muscle responsible for wrinkling the skin of the scrotum

Question 18

what is cremaster muscle?

Answer 18

• skeletal muscle responsible for moving the testes up and down depending on the temperature

Question 19

what are the lobules of the testes?

Answer 19

• the testicle is divided into parts called lobules
• each lobule contains tiny U-shaped tubes called seminiferous tubules

Question 20

what is the pampiniform plexus

Answer 20

• a venous network in the scrotum
• the veins of this plexus surround the testicular arteries absorb heat from the arterial blood in order to cool it before it enters the testes and thereby keeping the testes cool

Question 21

what is an inguinal hernia?

Answer 21

a bulge that occurs in your groin region when part of the intestine protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles

Question 22

what is a corpus luteum?

Answer 22

• completely normal cyst that forms on the ovary every single mont
• appears right after an egg leaves your ovary (ovulationn)

Question 23

ejaculation

Answer 23

sudden, pleasurable release of semen through the penis when stimulated

Question 24

menstrual cycle

Answer 24

• 4 stages
• is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina

Question 25

what are oocytes?

Answer 25

- a developing egg - they fuse with sperm after fertilization and eventually transform into a developing fetus.

Question 26

what are the 3 stages of the uterine cycle?

Answer 26

1.) menstrual - layer of endometrium is shed 2.) proliferative - layer of endometrium is rebuilt 3.) secretory - begins after ovulation and enrichment of blood supply prepare endometrium to receive an embryo

Question 27

what phases occur before ovulation?

Answer 27

menstrual and proliferative

Question 28

when does the secretory phase occur?

Answer 28

when the luteal phase occurs during ovarian cycle

Question 29

pudendum

Answer 29

the external genital organs of a human

Question 30

ovulation

Answer 30

phase of the female menstrual cycle that involves the release of an egg (ovum) from one of the ovaries

Question 31

fertilization

Answer 31

- the process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum - the product of fertilization is a cell called a zygote

Question 32

intersex

Answer 32

general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male

Question 33

what is the gonadal ridge?

Answer 33

the somatic precursor of gonads (glands) in both sexes

Question 34

what is the prepuce of the clitoris?

Answer 34

the inner folds of the vulva form a hood of skin

Question 35

what is an oviduct?

Answer 35

- aka the fallopian tube - the passageway through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterine cavity

Question 36

what is the vulva?

Answer 36

global term that describes all of the structures that make the female external genitalia

Question 37

what is the ovarian cortex?

Answer 37

- the outer portion of the ovary - consists of ovarian follicles

Question 38

what is the ovarian medulla?

Answer 38

- inner portion of the ovary - consists of the larger blood vessels

Question 39

what is acrosome?

Answer 39

unique membranous organelle located over the anterior part of the sperm nucleus

Question 40

what is a follicle?

Answer 40

ollicles are small sacs filled with fluid inside a woman's ovaries that contains a developing egg

Question 41

what is azoospermia?

Answer 41

semen (aka seminal fluid) lacking sperm