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HN204 Final > Lecture 16: Blood and the Heart > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Blood and the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood comprised of?

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
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2
Q

what is plasma?

A

straw coloured sticky fluid within blood tissue

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3
Q

what is in plasma?

A
  • mostly water
  • 100’s of kinds of molecules (electrolytes, nutrients, waste, gases, hormones, vitamins)
  • proteins
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4
Q

3 main types of proteins in plasma

A
  1. albumin
  2. globulins
  3. fibrinogen
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5
Q

albumin

A
  • important for maintaining blood volume through osmotic pressure
  • without albumin, the volume of water diffusing out of the bloodstream into the tissue would be greater than water diffusing into the blood stream = swelling and increased blood volume
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6
Q

globulins

A
  • group of proteins that include antibodies and blood proteins that transport fats, iron and copper
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7
Q

fibrinogen

A
  • a soluble plasma protein that becomes insoluble during the blood clotting process
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8
Q

blood serum vs blood plasma

A
  • blood serum is a clear liquid that remains after blood has clotted
  • blood serum is used for cell culturing
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9
Q

two categories of blood’s Formed Elements

A
  1. buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets)
  2. erythrocytes
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10
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • most dense component
  • red blood cells that transport important gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide
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11
Q

buffy coat

A
  • present at the junction between erythrocytes and the plasma
  • contains leukocytes and platelets
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12
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells that act to protect the body

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13
Q

what are platelets?

A

cell fragments that help with clotting

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14
Q

what is leukocytosis

A

the normal increase of white blood cells in response to infection

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15
Q

what are red blood cells?

A
  • also known as erythrocytes
  • made in red marrow and don’t have a nucleus
  • contains molecules of hemoglobin
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16
Q

can red blood cells repair themselves?

A
  • no, because it is anucleated and doesn’t have the necessary genetic information
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17
Q

lifecycle of a red blood cell

A
  • once the RBC emerges from red bone marrow, it functions for approximately 100-120 days
  • after taking approximately 150,000 tours through your body it gets filtered by the spleen aka the graveyard for
    RBCs.
  • after getting dismantled in the spleen, iron is salvaged from the hemoglobin and stored in the liver
  • the pigment from these cells is secreted into the
    intestine and metabolized to stercobilin (a brown pigment) by bacteria
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18
Q

fibrin

A
  • an insoluble protein
  • produced in response to bleeding and is the major component of the blood clot
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19
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • protein in red blood cells
  • responsible for delivery of oxygen to the tissues
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20
Q

hematocrit

A

the percentage by volume of red cells in your blood

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21
Q

granulocytes

A
  • a type of white blood cell that has small granules inside their cytoplasm
  • 3 types
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22
Q

3 types of granulocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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23
Q

role of neutrophils

A
  • bacteria destroying via consumption (found dead in pus)
  • most abundant leukocyte in white blood cells
24
Q

role of eosinophils

A
  • relatively rare
  • contain digestive enzymes that function during allergic reaction and parasitic infections to fight and end it
25
Q

role of basophils

A
  • rarest white blood cell
  • contain histamine and other molecules that are secreted to mediate inflammation during allergic responses and parasitic infections
26
Q

agranulocytes

A

white blood cells that simply lack any granules within their cytoplasm

27
Q

2 types of agranulocytes

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
28
Q

role of lymphocytes

A
  • most important cell of immune system
  • fight infectious organisms by recognizes and acting against a specific foreign molecule
29
Q

role of monocytes

A
  • largest lymphocytes
  • transform into macrophages (phagocytic cells) that ingest a wide variety of foreign cells, molecules, and tiny particles of debris
30
Q

types of bone marrow

A
  • red (generates blood cells)
  • yellow (makes blood cells only in emergencies)
31
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood and bone marrow cells

32
Q

erythropoiesis

A

your body’s process of making red blood cells (erythrocytes)

33
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • a glycoprotein hormone
  • naturally produced by the peritubular cells of the kidney which stimulates red blood cell production
34
Q

anemia

A
  • a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells.
  • if you have anemia, your body does not get enough oxygen-rich blood
  • lack of oxygen can make you feel tired or weak.
35
Q

leukemia

A

cancers of the blood cells

36
Q

electrolytes

A

electrolytes are salts and minerals, such as sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate, which are found in the blood

37
Q

what are the roles of the left and ride side of the heart?

A

right side = pump for pulmonary circuit
left side = pump for the systemic circuit

38
Q

2 functions of heart

A
  1. right side receives oxygen poor blood from body tissues ad pumps blood to the lung to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide (PULMONARY CIRCUIT)
  2. left side recieves oxygen rich blood returning from the lungd and pumps the blood throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues (SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT)
39
Q

what is the exception of the pulmonary circuit?

A

doesn’t follow the rule that arteries carry oxygen-rich blood and that veins carry oxygen poor blood

40
Q

systole

A

pressure measured in mmHg against the artery wall when the heart is contracting

41
Q

diastole

A

pressure measured in mmHg against the artery wall when the heart is relaxed (between contractions)

42
Q

what do the numbers represent in blood pressure?

A

upper = systolic pressure
lower = diastolic pressure

43
Q

what is a cardiac tamponade?

A
  • occurs when the pericardial cavity fills with fluid like blood or pus (dead leukocytes)
  • places pressure on the heart
  • ventricles are less able to fill during diastole and each contraction is less effective
44
Q

what is an ECG/EKG?

A
  • an electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)
  • uses temporary electrodes on your chest and limbs to monitor, track and document your heart’s electrical activity (which controls your heartbeats) for diagnostic purposes
  • a computer translates the information into a wave pattern to be interpreted
45
Q

how do the electrical impulses of the heart work?

A

1.) sinoatrial (SA) node a.k.a pacemaker generates impulses
2.) the impulses pause (0.1 sec) at the atrioventricular (AV) node
3.) the atrioventricular (AV) bundle connects the atria to the ventricles
4.) the bundle branches conduct the impulses through he interventricular septum
5.) the subendocardial conducting network stimulates the contractile cells of both ventricles

46
Q

arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart (exception of pulmonary artery)
47
Q

arterioles

A
  • small arteries
  • receive blood from arteries and bring to capillaries
48
Q

venules

A
  • the smallest veins
  • receive blood from capillaries and empty into the heart
49
Q

veins

A
  • veins carry blood towards the heart (exception of pulmonary vein)
50
Q

capillaries

A
  • form the connection between arteries and veins
  • the primary function of capillaries is the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells
51
Q

what does innervation of the heart mean?

A
  • innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres from the autonomic branch of the peripheral nervous system
  • the network of nerves supplying the heart is called the cardiac plexus
52
Q

what nerves innervate at the heart?

A
  • parasympathetic vagus nerve –> SA node, AV node and arteries
  • sympathetic cardiac nerve –> SA node, AV node an arteries
53
Q

what is the role of parasympathetic innervation

A
  • decrease heart rate
54
Q

what is the role of sympathetic innervation?

A
  • increase heart rate
  • increase force of contraction
55
Q

epicardium

A
  • layer of cells covering the surface of the heart
  • innermost layer of pericardium
56
Q

myocardium

A

the cardiac muscle layer of the heart

57
Q

endocardium

A

thin, smooth tissue that makes up the lining of the chambers and valves of the heart

HN204 Final (11 decks)

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