Lecture 16: Blood and the Heart Flashcards
1
Q
what is blood comprised of?
A
- plasma
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
2
Q
what is plasma?
A
straw coloured sticky fluid within blood tissue
3
Q
what is in plasma?
A
- mostly water
- 100’s of kinds of molecules (electrolytes, nutrients, waste, gases, hormones, vitamins)
- proteins
4
Q
3 main types of proteins in plasma
A
- albumin
- globulins
- fibrinogen
5
Q
albumin
A
- important for maintaining blood volume through osmotic pressure
- without albumin, the volume of water diffusing out of the bloodstream into the tissue would be greater than water diffusing into the blood stream = swelling and increased blood volume
6
Q
globulins
A
- group of proteins that include antibodies and blood proteins that transport fats, iron and copper
7
Q
fibrinogen
A
- a soluble plasma protein that becomes insoluble during the blood clotting process
8
Q
blood serum vs blood plasma
A
- blood serum is a clear liquid that remains after blood has clotted
- blood serum is used for cell culturing
9
Q
two categories of blood’s Formed Elements
A
- buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets)
- erythrocytes
10
Q
erythrocytes
A
- most dense component
- red blood cells that transport important gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide
11
Q
buffy coat
A
- present at the junction between erythrocytes and the plasma
- contains leukocytes and platelets
12
Q
what are leukocytes?
A
white blood cells that act to protect the body
13
Q
what are platelets?
A
cell fragments that help with clotting
14
Q
what is leukocytosis
A
the normal increase of white blood cells in response to infection
15
Q
what are red blood cells?
A
- also known as erythrocytes
- made in red marrow and don’t have a nucleus
- contains molecules of hemoglobin
16
Q
can red blood cells repair themselves?
A
- no, because it is anucleated and doesn’t have the necessary genetic information
17
Q
lifecycle of a red blood cell
A
- once the RBC emerges from red bone marrow, it functions for approximately 100-120 days
- after taking approximately 150,000 tours through your body it gets filtered by the spleen aka the graveyard for
RBCs. - after getting dismantled in the spleen, iron is salvaged from the hemoglobin and stored in the liver
- the pigment from these cells is secreted into the
intestine and metabolized to stercobilin (a brown pigment) by bacteria
18
Q
fibrin
A
- an insoluble protein
- produced in response to bleeding and is the major component of the blood clot
19
Q
hemoglobin
A
- protein in red blood cells
- responsible for delivery of oxygen to the tissues
20
Q
hematocrit
A
the percentage by volume of red cells in your blood
21
Q
granulocytes
A
- a type of white blood cell that has small granules inside their cytoplasm
- 3 types
22
Q
3 types of granulocytes
A
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
23
Q
role of neutrophils
A
- bacteria destroying via consumption (found dead in pus)
- most abundant leukocyte in white blood cells
24
Q
role of eosinophils
A
- relatively rare
- contain digestive enzymes that function during allergic reaction and parasitic infections to fight and end it
25
role of basophils
- rarest white blood cell
- contain histamine and other molecules that are secreted to mediate inflammation during allergic responses and parasitic infections
26
agranulocytes
white blood cells that simply lack any granules within their cytoplasm
27
2 types of agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
28
role of lymphocytes
- most important cell of immune system
- fight infectious organisms by recognizes and acting against a specific foreign molecule
29
role of monocytes
- largest lymphocytes
- transform into macrophages (phagocytic cells) that ingest a wide variety of foreign cells, molecules, and tiny particles of debris
30
types of bone marrow
- red (generates blood cells)
- yellow (makes blood cells only in emergencies)
31
hematopoiesis
production of blood and bone marrow cells
32
erythropoiesis
your body's process of making red blood cells (erythrocytes)
33
erythropoietin
- a glycoprotein hormone
- naturally produced by the peritubular cells of the kidney which stimulates red blood cell production
34
anemia
- a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells.
- if you have anemia, your body does not get enough oxygen-rich blood
- lack of oxygen can make you feel tired or weak.
35
leukemia
cancers of the blood cells
36
electrolytes
electrolytes are salts and minerals, such as sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate, which are found in the blood
37
what are the roles of the left and ride side of the heart?
right side = pump for pulmonary circuit
left side = pump for the systemic circuit
38
2 functions of heart
1. right side receives oxygen poor blood from body tissues ad pumps blood to the lung to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide (PULMONARY CIRCUIT)
2. left side recieves oxygen rich blood returning from the lungd and pumps the blood throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues (SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT)
39
what is the exception of the pulmonary circuit?
doesn't follow the rule that arteries carry oxygen-rich blood and that veins carry oxygen poor blood
40
systole
pressure measured in mmHg against the artery wall when the heart is contracting
41
diastole
pressure measured in mmHg against the artery wall when the heart is relaxed (between contractions)
42
what do the numbers represent in blood pressure?
upper = systolic pressure
lower = diastolic pressure
43
what is a cardiac tamponade?
- occurs when the pericardial cavity fills with fluid like blood or pus (dead leukocytes)
- places pressure on the heart
- ventricles are less able to fill during diastole and each contraction is less effective
44
what is an ECG/EKG?
- an electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)
- uses temporary electrodes on your chest and limbs to monitor, track and document your heart’s electrical activity (which controls your heartbeats) for diagnostic purposes
- a computer translates the information into a wave pattern to be interpreted
45
how do the electrical impulses of the heart work?
1.) sinoatrial (SA) node a.k.a pacemaker generates impulses
2.) the impulses pause (0.1 sec) at the atrioventricular (AV) node
3.) the atrioventricular (AV) bundle connects the atria to the ventricles
4.) the bundle branches conduct the impulses through he interventricular septum
5.) the subendocardial conducting network stimulates the contractile cells of both ventricles
46
arteries
- carry blood away from the heart (exception of pulmonary artery)
47
arterioles
- small arteries
- receive blood from arteries and bring to capillaries
48
venules
- the smallest veins
- receive blood from capillaries and empty into the heart
49
veins
- veins carry blood towards the heart (exception of pulmonary vein)
50
capillaries
- form the connection between arteries and veins
- the primary function of capillaries is the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells
51
what does innervation of the heart mean?
- innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres from the autonomic branch of the peripheral nervous system
- the network of nerves supplying the heart is called the cardiac plexus
52
what nerves innervate at the heart?
- parasympathetic vagus nerve --> SA node, AV node and arteries
- sympathetic cardiac nerve --> SA node, AV node an arteries
53
what is the role of parasympathetic innervation
- decrease heart rate
54
what is the role of sympathetic innervation?
- increase heart rate
- increase force of contraction
55
epicardium
- layer of cells covering the surface of the heart
- innermost layer of pericardium
56
myocardium
the cardiac muscle layer of the heart
57
endocardium
thin, smooth tissue that makes up the lining of the chambers and valves of the heart
