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HN204 Final > Lecture 19 - Digestive System 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 - Digestive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the alimentary canal?

A
  • aka gastrointestinal (GI) tract
  • the tube through our body going from the mouth to the anus
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2
Q

what are the organs of the alimentary canal?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus
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3
Q

2 divisions of the digestive system

A
  • alimentary canal
  • accessory digestive organs
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4
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs?

A
  • teeth and tongue
  • gallbladder
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • pancreas
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5
Q

what is the role of accessory digestive organs?

A

to secrete salvia, bile and digestive enzymes to break down food

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6
Q

what is helicobacter pylori?

A
  • a bacteria that attacks the lining that protects your stomach and causes a hole in the wall of the alimentary canal
  • people die because they bleed out due to arteries in stomach being digested
  • causes gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
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7
Q

peptic ulcers

A

an open sore or raw area in the lining of the stomach or intestine

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8
Q

what are the 9 regions of the abdominal wall?

A
  • R/L hypochondriac
  • epigastric
  • R/L lumbar
  • umbilical
  • R/L iliac (inguinal)
  • hypogastric region
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9
Q

what is in the right hypochondriac region?

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
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10
Q

what is in the epigastric region?

A
  • stomach
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11
Q

what is in right lumbar region?

A
  • ascending colon of large intestine
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12
Q

what is in the umbilical region?

A
  • small intestine
  • transverse colon of large intestine
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13
Q

what is in the left lumbar region?

A
  • descending colon of large intestine
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14
Q

what is in the right iliac region?

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
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15
Q

what is in the hypogastric region?

A
  • urinary bladder
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16
Q

what is in the left iliac region?

A
  • initial part of sigmoid colon
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17
Q

what is mesentery?

A
  • double layer of peritoneum (a sheet of two fused serious membranes together)
  • ends from the body wall to the digestive organs
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18
Q

what are the two mesentery?

A
  1. ventral mesentery
  2. dorsal mesentery
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19
Q

what is the visceral perotineum?

A

covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs

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20
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum?

A

lines the body wall and is continuous with the visceral peritoneum

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21
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity?

A
  • potential space between visceral and parietal peritoneum
  • lies between digestive organs abdominal body wall
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22
Q

what are the components of the ventral mesentery?

A
  • falciform ligament
  • lesser omentum
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23
Q

what are the components of the dorsal mesentery?

A
  • transverse mesocolon
  • greater omentum
  • mesentery
  • sigmoid mesocolon
24
Q

what are the 6 activities of the GI tract?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. propulsion (peristalsis)
  3. mechanical breakdown (segmentation)
  4. digestion
  5. absorption
  6. defacation
25
Q

ingestion

A

process of taking in of food through the mouth/oral cavity

26
Q

propulsion

A

movement of food through the alimentary canal via swallowing (voluntary) and peristalsis (involuntary)

27
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

contraction and relaxation of muscle (muscularis externa) in organ walls to squeeze food down the canal

28
Q

what is segmentation?

A

when non adjacent segments of the alimentary canal alternate contraction and relaxation moving food forward and backward = mixing of food + propulsion

29
Q

mechanical breakdown

A
  • physical preparation of food for digestion by enzymes breaking it down
  • achieved by chewing, churning in stomach and segmentation
30
Q

digestion

A

series of steps where food molecules are broken down into their chemical building blocks and secreted into lumen

31
Q

absorption

A

transport of digested end products from lumen enter the blood and lymphatic capillaries

32
Q

defacation

A

elimination of indigestible substances from the body as feces

33
Q

what are the four layers of the alimentary canal?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
34
Q

what are the 3 sublayers of mucosa?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propia
  3. muscularis muscosae
35
Q

what are the two layers of muscularis externa?

A

two layers of smooth muscle:
- circular layer
- longitudinal layer

36
Q

what is the oral vestibule?

A

anything in the small slit-like space between the teeth and inner mucosal lining of the lips

37
Q

what is the oral cavity proper?

A

is the region of the mouth that lies internal to the teeth

38
Q

importance of uvula

A

helps prevent things from going up through the nasal cavity

39
Q

what is the enteric nervous system?

A
  • “the brain in the gut”
  • helps facilitate the muscular and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal tract.
40
Q

what is the myenteric nerve plexus?

A
  • located in the muscularis externa between circular and longitudinal layers
  • helps control peristalsis and segmentation
41
Q

what is the submucosal nerve plexus?

A
  • lies in the submucosa
  • signal glands in the mucosa to secrete and to contract muscularis mucosae
42
Q

what are the different teeth?

A
  • milk
  • deciduous
  • permanent
  • incisors
  • canine
  • eyetooth
  • bicuspids
  • molars
43
Q

what are the salivary glands?

A
  • parotid gland
  • submandibular gland
  • sublingual gland
44
Q

what is mastication?

A

the act of chewing food

45
Q

what are villi?

A
  • the fingerlike projections of the mucosa which absorb digested nutrients
  • help increase surface area
46
Q

what are microvilli?

A
  • even smaller finger-like projections on the villli
47
Q

what are gastric pits?

A

indentations in the stomach which are entrances to the gastric glands

48
Q

what are gastric glands?

A

branched tubules in the inner lining of the stomach that secrete gastric juice and protective mucus

49
Q

what are the 3 main type of cells in the stomach?

A
  • chief cell
  • parietal cell
  • enteroendocrine cell
50
Q

what are chief cells

A
  • secrete digestive enzymes that break food into smaller pieces
  • example = pepsinogen
51
Q

what are parietal cells

A
  • cells in the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)
52
Q

what are enteroendocrine cells

A
  • specialized cells found that produce and release hormones in response to stimuli (i.e pepsin for pepsinogen)
53
Q

what are goblet cells

A
  • cells that serve as the primary site for nutrient digestion and mucosal absorption
54
Q

what are mucous neck cells

A
  • secrete mucous on the inside of the stomach
55
Q

what is intestinal flora?

A

microorganisms, predominantly bacteria, that populate our intestines

HN204 Final (11 decks)

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