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HN204 Final > Lecture 18 - Lymphatic, Immune and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 18 - Lymphatic, Immune and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

role of lymphatic system

A
  • return excess tissue fluid back to the blood vascular system
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2
Q

what is the structure of the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymph duct
  • lymph trunk
  • lymph node
  • lymphatic collecting vessels with valves
  • lymphatic capillaries
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3
Q

primary lymph organs

A
  • thymus
  • red bone marrow
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4
Q

secondary lymph organs

A
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • spleen
  • aggregated lymphoid nodules
  • appendix
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5
Q

what is lymph?

A
  • clear water containing many different substances
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6
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A
  • a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system
  • 2 main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells
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7
Q

how does lymph occur in the body?

A

is the collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries

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8
Q

lymph vessels

A
  • tubes that collect and carry lymph through the body to lymph nodes and back to veins
  • one-way circuit only towards the heart
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9
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A
  • the smallest vessels
  • first to receive lymph in the circuit which drain into collecting vessels
  • have overlapping cells which forms flap-like minivalves
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10
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • 500 small lumps of tissue on collecting lymphatic vessels which contain white blood cells
  • they filter and cleanse the lymph fluid of foreign substances
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11
Q

where are lymph nodes found?

A
  • deep cervical
  • axillary
  • inguinal
  • tracheobronchial
  • aortic
  • iliac node
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12
Q

lymphoid tissue

A

a tissue in which lymphocytes are found and gather to fight invading microorganisms

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13
Q

lymphoid follicles

A
  • densely packed lymphocytes
  • occurs when lymphocytes divide and generates many copies
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14
Q

what are aggregated lymphoid nodules?

A
  • an important part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
  • circular or oval patches in the small intestine
  • aka peyers patches
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15
Q

what is the circulation of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph capillaries → collecting lymph vessels → Lymph nodes
→ larger lymph vessels converge into lymph trunks → lymph ducts → venous system at the junction of the subclavian and internal jugular veins via
1. The right lymphatic duct and
2. The thoracic duct

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16
Q

what are lacteals?

A
  • are lyphatic capillaries in the small intestine
  • absorb digested fats and lymph in the area
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17
Q

what is chyle?

A
  • the milky bodily fluid formed in the lacteal system of the intestine
  • primarily composed of fat
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18
Q

what are the functions of the major respiratory organs?

A
  • exchange gases
  • regulate pH
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19
Q

spleen

A
  • largest lymphoid organ
  • has blood cleansing functions
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20
Q

appendix

A
  • small finger-shaped tube that branches off the first part of the large intestine
  • secondary lymphoid organ
21
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

22
Q

what are bubos?

A
  • swollen/inflamed lymph nodes
23
Q

what is pitted edema?

A
  • occurs when excess fluid builds up in the body, causing swelling
  • when pressure is applied to the swollen area, a “pit”, or indentation, will remain
24
Q

what is the bubonic plague?

A
  • is an infection of the lymphatic system
  • caused by the bite of an infected flea
25
Q

what is filariasis?

A
  • aka elephantiasis
  • disease caused by a chronic mosquito-borne parasitic infection and causes the lymphatic system to be blocked and swell up
26
Q

how do lymphocytes develop?

A

1.) origin = t and b lymphocyte precursors originate in red bone marrow
2.) maturation = b-cells mature in the bone marrow, t-cells migrate to blood in the thymus
3.) seeding = leave thymus and bone marrow and seed the secondary organs and recirculate through blood and lymph
4.) lymphocyte is activate when an antigen receptor binds its antigen
5.) proliferation = in lymphoid tissue, activate lymphocytes multiply and differentiate into effector and memory cells. they circulate in the blood, lymph and secondary organs

27
Q

b-cells (bone marrow)

A
  • they differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies and mark/flag foreign cells for destruction by macrophages
28
Q

t-cells (thymus)

A
  • attacks foreign cells directly by binding to it and secrete proteins that cause apoptosis (programmed cell cell)
29
Q

effector cells

A

relatively short-lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response

30
Q

memory cells

A

cells that remember particular antigens so if they appear in your body in the future, your immune system can mount a defence quickly

31
Q

what is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

A
  • scattered along mucosal linings of the body
  • initiates immune responses to specific antigens encountered
32
Q

lymphangitis

A

inflammation of a lymphatic vessel

33
Q

pulmonary respiration

A

the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration (exhalation)

34
Q

cellular respiration

A

takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of each cell of the body

35
Q

eupnea

A

normal, good, healthy and unlabored breathing

36
Q

apnea

A

when you stop breathing while asleep or have almost no airflow

37
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

38
Q

COPD

A
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems
39
Q

surfactant

A

an essential lipid-protein complex to maintain an working respiratory surface in the lungs

40
Q

what is a pneumothorax?

A
  • collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity
  • occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleurae inside the chest
  • the air accumulation can apply pressure on the lung and make it collapse.
41
Q

atelectasis

A

the collapse of a lung or a lobe

42
Q

alveoli

A

very small air sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

43
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest airways that branch off bronchi which to the alveoli

44
Q

components of upper respiratory tract

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
  • larynx
45
Q

what is important about paranasal sinuses?

A
  • lined with respiratory mucosa which helps to moisten and warm the inhaled air
  • drains into the nasal cavity
46
Q

where is the larynx located?

A

spans the distance of C3 to C6 vertebrae on the anterior neck

47
Q

how does thoracic volume change during inspiration?

A
  • thoracic cavity and pleural cavity increase in volume
  • lungs stretch = lung volume increases
  • air flows into lungs
48
Q

how does thoracic volume change during expiration?

A
  • thoracic cavity and pleural volume decrease in volume
  • lungs recoil = lung volume decreases
  • air flows out of lungs
49
Q

how many lobes are in the lungs?

A
  • 3 lobes on right lung
  • 2 lobes on left lung

HN204 Final (11 decks)

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