Lecture 18 - Lymphatic, Immune and Respiratory Systems

Question 1

role of lymphatic system

Answer 1

• return excess tissue fluid back to the blood vascular system

Question 2

what is the structure of the lymphatic system?

Answer 2

• lymph duct
• lymph trunk
• lymph node
• lymphatic collecting vessels with valves
• lymphatic capillaries

Question 3

primary lymph organs

Answer 3

• thymus
• red bone marrow

Question 4

secondary lymph organs

Answer 4

• lymph nodes
• tonsils
• spleen
• aggregated lymphoid nodules
• appendix

Question 5

what is lymph?

Answer 5

• clear water containing many different substances

Question 6

what are lymphocytes?

Answer 6

• a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system
• 2 main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells

Question 7

how does lymph occur in the body?

Answer 7

is the collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries

Question 8

lymph vessels

Answer 8

• tubes that collect and carry lymph through the body to lymph nodes and back to veins
• one-way circuit only towards the heart

Question 9

lymphatic capillaries

Answer 9

• the smallest vessels
• first to receive lymph in the circuit which drain into collecting vessels
• have overlapping cells which forms flap-like minivalves

Question 10

lymph nodes

Answer 10

• 500 small lumps of tissue on collecting lymphatic vessels which contain white blood cells
• they filter and cleanse the lymph fluid of foreign substances

Question 11

where are lymph nodes found?

Answer 11

• deep cervical
• axillary
• inguinal
• tracheobronchial
• aortic
• iliac node

Question 12

lymphoid tissue

Answer 12

a tissue in which lymphocytes are found and gather to fight invading microorganisms

Question 13

lymphoid follicles

Answer 13

• densely packed lymphocytes
• occurs when lymphocytes divide and generates many copies

Question 14

what are aggregated lymphoid nodules?

Answer 14

• an important part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
• circular or oval patches in the small intestine
• aka peyers patches

Question 15

what is the circulation of the lymphatic system?

Answer 15

Lymph capillaries → collecting lymph vessels → Lymph nodes
→ larger lymph vessels converge into lymph trunks → lymph ducts → venous system at the junction of the subclavian and internal jugular veins via
1. The right lymphatic duct and
2. The thoracic duct

Question 16

what are lacteals?

Answer 16

• are lyphatic capillaries in the small intestine
• absorb digested fats and lymph in the area

Question 17

what is chyle?

Answer 17

• the milky bodily fluid formed in the lacteal system of the intestine
• primarily composed of fat

Question 18

what are the functions of the major respiratory organs?

Answer 18

• exchange gases
• regulate pH

Question 19

spleen

Answer 19

• largest lymphoid organ
• has blood cleansing functions

Question 20

appendix

Answer 20

• small finger-shaped tube that branches off the first part of the large intestine
• secondary lymphoid organ

Question 21

appendicitis

Answer 21

inflammation of the appendix

Question 22

what are bubos?

Answer 22

• swollen/inflamed lymph nodes

Question 23

what is pitted edema?

Answer 23

• occurs when excess fluid builds up in the body, causing swelling
• when pressure is applied to the swollen area, a “pit”, or indentation, will remain

Question 24

what is the bubonic plague?

Answer 24

• is an infection of the lymphatic system
• caused by the bite of an infected flea

Question 25

what is filariasis?

Answer 25

- aka elephantiasis - disease caused by a chronic mosquito-borne parasitic infection and causes the lymphatic system to be blocked and swell up

Question 26

how do lymphocytes develop?

Answer 26

1.) origin = t and b lymphocyte precursors originate in red bone marrow 2.) maturation = b-cells mature in the bone marrow, t-cells migrate to blood in the thymus 3.) seeding = leave thymus and bone marrow and seed the secondary organs and recirculate through blood and lymph 4.) lymphocyte is activate when an antigen receptor binds its antigen 5.) proliferation = in lymphoid tissue, activate lymphocytes multiply and differentiate into effector and memory cells. they circulate in the blood, lymph and secondary organs

Question 27

b-cells (bone marrow)

Answer 27

- they differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies and mark/flag foreign cells for destruction by macrophages

Question 28

t-cells (thymus)

Answer 28

- attacks foreign cells directly by binding to it and secrete proteins that cause apoptosis (programmed cell cell)

Question 29

effector cells

Answer 29

relatively short-lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response

Question 30

memory cells

Answer 30

cells that remember particular antigens so if they appear in your body in the future, your immune system can mount a defence quickly

Question 31

what is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

Answer 31

- scattered along mucosal linings of the body - initiates immune responses to specific antigens encountered

Question 32

lymphangitis

Answer 32

inflammation of a lymphatic vessel

Question 33

pulmonary respiration

Answer 33

the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration (exhalation)

Question 34

cellular respiration

Answer 34

takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of each cell of the body

Question 35

eupnea

Answer 35

normal, good, healthy and unlabored breathing

Question 36

apnea

Answer 36

when you stop breathing while asleep or have almost no airflow

Question 37

dyspnea

Answer 37

shortness of breath

Question 38

COPD

Answer 38

- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems

Question 39

surfactant

Answer 39

an essential lipid-protein complex to maintain an working respiratory surface in the lungs

Question 40

what is a pneumothorax?

Answer 40

- collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity - occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleurae inside the chest - the air accumulation can apply pressure on the lung and make it collapse.

Question 41

atelectasis

Answer 41

the collapse of a lung or a lobe

Question 42

alveoli

Answer 42

very small air sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

Question 43

bronchioles

Answer 43

smallest airways that branch off bronchi which to the alveoli

Question 44

components of upper respiratory tract

Answer 44

- nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx - larynx

Question 45

what is important about paranasal sinuses?

Answer 45

- lined with respiratory mucosa which helps to moisten and warm the inhaled air - drains into the nasal cavity

Question 46

where is the larynx located?

Answer 46

spans the distance of C3 to C6 vertebrae on the anterior neck

Question 47

how does thoracic volume change during inspiration?

Answer 47

- thoracic cavity and pleural cavity increase in volume - lungs stretch = lung volume increases - air flows into lungs

Question 48

how does thoracic volume change during expiration?

Answer 48

- thoracic cavity and pleural volume decrease in volume - lungs recoil = lung volume decreases - air flows out of lungs

Question 49

how many lobes are in the lungs?

Answer 49

- 3 lobes on right lung - 2 lobes on left lung