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HN204 Final > Lecture 11 - Nerves, Nervous Tissue & The Brain > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Nerves, Nervous Tissue & The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the unique characteristics of a general neuron?

A
  • extreme longevity (100+ years)
  • amitotic (do not divide or duplicate)
  • very high metabolism
  • conducts electrochemical impulses
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2
Q

what are the components of a general neuron?

A
  • nucleus
  • axon
  • dendrites
  • cell body
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3
Q

what are neurons?

A

specialized cells that conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to the other

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4
Q

what is the cell body of a neuron?

A

consists of a nucleus surrounding by cytoplasm

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5
Q

what are dendrites?

A
  • processes that branch from the cell body
  • act as receptive sites for for signals from other neurons and transmit towards the cell body
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6
Q

what are axons?

A
  • are thin processes
  • transmit nerve impulses away from their cell body
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7
Q

what is name of the site that an electrcial signal occurs?

A

a synapse

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8
Q

what is the central nervous system (CNS)?

A
  • made up of the brain and spinal cord
  • brain = how we think, learn, move, feel
  • spinal cord = relays messages between brain and nerves in the body
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9
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A
  • lies outside of your brain and spinal cord
  • sends information to different area of the body back to the brain
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10
Q

what is a nerve?

A
  • they are clusters of cells called neurons consisting of many axons
  • they carry electrical impulses between the brain and the rest of the body
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11
Q

neuroglia

A

the supportive cells of the nervous system, each with a different function

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12
Q

characteristics of the astrocyte

A
  • star shaped
  • have many projections
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13
Q

what are the roles of an astrocyte?

A
  • participate in the blood-brain barrier to regulate what neurons are exposed to from the blood stream
  • provides physical support (act as bars)
  • conncet neurons to their nutrient source (arteries/capillaries)
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14
Q

what are the most abundant CNS glial cells?

A

astrocytes

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15
Q

what are microglia?

A
  • “thorny” cells that monitor and protect neurons
  • transform into phagocytic macrophages to internalize and destory neuronal debris or microbes in brain
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16
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A
  • is at the cellular level
  • projections from astrocytes protect capillaries from allowing substances from entering
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17
Q

what is the role of ependymal cells?

A
  • contribute to the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that flow through the ventricles
  • line the ventricles of the brain and have cilia to assist in movement of CSF
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18
Q

what are the roles of oligodendrocytes?

A
  • act to insulate and cover axons = the myelin sheaths
  • do so by lining up in small groups and wrapping their cell processes around the axons in the CNS
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19
Q

what are oligodendrocytes composed of?

A
  • made of fat because of phospholipid bilayer
  • no cytoplasm (wraps tightly as layers of fat instead)
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20
Q

what are the neuroglial cells in the CNS?

A
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
  • oligodendrocytes
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21
Q

what are the 2 neuroglia in the PNS?

A
  • satellite cells
  • schwann cells
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22
Q

what are the role of satellitte cells?

A
  • completely wraps around cell bodies inhibiting any access for toxins
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23
Q

what are the roles of schwann cells?

A
  • produce myelin sheath of PNS by wrapping tight around axons
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24
Q

what is myelin sheath?

A
  • segmented structures produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS
  • each segment is composed of plasma membrane rolled in concentric layers around the axon
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25
Q

what is the role of myelin sheath?

A
  • form an insulating layer that prevents the leakage of electrical current from the axon
  • increases the speed of impulse conduction along the axon
  • makes impulse propagation more energy-efficient
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26
Q

what are meninges

A

the layers of membrane that protect the brain and the spinal cord

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27
Q

what are the 3 meninges?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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28
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • gray matter (unmyelinated cell bodies) that covers the cerebrum
  • it is the “bark” or “rind”
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29
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum?

A

responsible for:
- thought processes and intellectual functions
- memory storage and processing
- conscious and unconscious skeletal muscle contractions

30
Q

what are the superior colliculi?

A

paired structure that act in visual reflexes

31
Q

what are the inferior colliculi?

A

pair structure that belong to the auditory system and act in response to sound

32
Q

what is the corpora quadrigemina?

A
  • where the four colliculi (2 inferior, 2 superior) are located
  • where auditory and visual reflexes are integrated by the brain
33
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A
  • component of hind brain
  • mainly responsible for movement regulation and balance
34
Q

what are the 3 cerebral peduncles?

A
  • superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles
  • thick fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem
35
Q

what is Brodmann’s Area?

A

mapped areas of the brain (by Brodmann) based on cellular architecture

36
Q

what is the thalamus?

A
  • egg-shaped, paired structure (left and right)
  • it’s the relay station of sensory information
37
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A
  • coordinates the endocrine system (release of hormones from the pituitary gland)
  • helps maintain homeostasis
38
Q

what are the different lobes of the brian?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
39
Q

what is the insula?

A
  • regulates feelings and motivational processes
40
Q

what is the pons?

A
  • means “bridge”
  • forms a bridge between the brain stem and the cerebellum
  • a bulge wedged between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
41
Q

what is the medulla oblongata?

A
  • the connection between the brainstem and spinal cord
42
Q

what is the basal ganglia?

A
  • collection of cell bodies (gray matter)
  • helps with automation of skeletal muscle movements (i.e driving a car, riding a bike)
43
Q

what is the limbic system?

A
  • the emotional brain
  • responsible for the 4 F’s
44
Q

what are the four F’s of the lImbic system?

A
  • feeding
  • fighting
  • fleeing
  • sex
45
Q

what are the ventricles in the brain?

A
  • lateral (paired = first and second)
  • third
  • fourth
46
Q

what is the role of the cerebral aqueduct?

A
  • tubelike cavity that connects the third and fourth ventricle
47
Q

what are the horns of the lateral ventricle?

A
  • posterior horn
  • anterior horn
  • inferior horn
48
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A
  • a commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts
  • connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres
49
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A
  • a liquid that fills cavities of the brain and spinal cord
50
Q

what is the role of CSF?

A
  • helps organs from being crushed and damaged
  • nourishes the brain and FILTERS waste
51
Q

what is the choroid plexus?

A

a network of capillaries that form the cerebrospinal fluid in the roof of each ventricle

52
Q

what are the steps to formation and circulation of CSF?

A

FILTRATION SYSTEM
1. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle
2. CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures
3. CSF flows through the subarchnoid space
4. CSF is absorbed into the sural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi

53
Q

what is the interventricular foramen?

A

a hole between the ventricles

54
Q

what are the components of the brain stem?

A
  1. diencephalon
  2. mesencephalon
  3. pons
  4. medulla oblongata
55
Q

what are association fibers?

A

fibers within the same hemisphere

56
Q

what are commissural fibres?

A

fibres that go between hemispheres of the brain

57
Q

what are projection fibres?

A

fibres that run from the cerebral cortex to the lower areas of the brain

58
Q

what parts of the brain helps with vision?

A
  • visual cortex
  • visual association area
59
Q

what parts of the brain helps with hearing?

A
  • auditory association area
  • auditory cortex
60
Q

what part of the brain helps with taste?

A
  • gustatory cortex
61
Q

what part of the brain helps with smell?

A
  • olfactory cortex
62
Q

what is the role of the somatic motor association area?

A
  • a.k.a premotor cortex
  • responsible for planning and coordinating learned movements
63
Q

what is the role of the somatic sensory association area?

A
  • helps to form an understanding an object being felt
64
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • helps initiate motor movements
  • regulates our thoughts, actions and emotions
65
Q

what is Broca’s area?

A
  • helps with speech and motor
  • ability to talk and perform conversation
66
Q

what is Wernicke’s area?

A
  • helps with speech
  • understanding of language
67
Q

what is aphasia?

A
  • trouble with speaking, understanding speech, or reading or writing
  • occurs as a result of damage to the part of the brain that is responsible for language processing or understanding
68
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A
  • an endocrine organ that secretes hormones
69
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A
  • hormone secreting organ
  • secretes melatonin (helps with sleep/wake cycle)
70
Q

what is cytoarchitecture?

A

the structural arrangement of cells in a tissue

HN204 Final (11 decks)

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