Lecture 21

Question 1

one purpose of sleep is that it replenishes __

Answer 1

glycogen stores in the brain

Question 2

one purpose of sleep is that it consolidates __

Answer 2

memories

Question 3

sleep is a highly __ behavior, even though it makes us __, implying an __

Answer 3

conserved; vulnerable; evolutionary advantage

Question 4

in adults the average duration of sleep is __

Answer 4

7.5 hours/day

Question 5

babies sleep ~__ a day

Answer 5

16-17 hours

Question 6

older adults sleep __ (more or less?) than younger adults, but they __

Answer 6

less; nap frequently

Question 7

sleep deprivation rat experiment: sleep detected in the __ rat (via __) triggers the floor to __
__ rat sleeps __
__ rat sleep __

Answer 7

experimental; EEG; move
experimental rat sleeps never
control rat sleeps intermittently

Question 8

4 consequences of sleep deprivation in rats

Answer 8

increased food intake, weight loss, failure to regulate body temperature, eventual death

Question 9

sleep deprivation in rats: food intake goes __ while weight goes __

Answer 9

up; down

Question 10

sleep deprivation in humans mostly causes changes in __

Answer 10

mood and cognitive abilities

Question 11

the longest voluntary sleep deprivation was __

Answer 11

11 days (he recovered and lived)

Question 12

fatal familial insomnia

Answer 12

adult onset, patients die in several years, hallucinations, seizures, and loss of motor control

Question 13

ability to perform simple arithmetic __ as people are sleep-deprived

Answer 13

goes down

Question 14

sleep deprivation in humans also causes increased risk of __ (3)

Answer 14

diabetes, heart disease, and obesity

Question 15

sleep deprivation in humans also causes

Answer 15

impaired immune system, decreased temperature

Question 16

the circadian clock is a __ periodicity that controls many __ in addition to __

Answer 16

24-hour; physiological processes; sleep and wakefulness

Question 17

what are 2 circadian inputs/ __)?

Answer 17

zetigeibers; light; temperature

Question 18

two hormones that have circadian rhythms (not melatonin)

Answer 18

cortisol and growth hormone

Question 19

internal “clock” operates in the absence of __

Answer 19

external information

Question 20

in the absence of cues, the sleep wake cycle __

Answer 20

continues to oscillate

Question 21

in the absence of cues, the individual’s clock cycles with its own natural rhythm that is __

Answer 21

just over 24 hours long

Question 22

the internal clock can be __ to maintain appropriate period with the daily cycle

Answer 22

entrained

Question 23

photoentrainment

Answer 23

synchronization of the circadian clock by light

Question 24

what are the sensory transducers?

Answer 24

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (RGC)

Question 25

a subset of RGC contain __ and are __ by light (the __ (same/opposite) of rods and cones)

Answer 25

melanopsin; depolarized/activated; opposite

Question 26

what is the photopigment?

Answer 26

melanopsin, only found in these particular RGCs, not in rods or cones

Question 27

melanospin-containing RGCs encode __

Answer 27

environmental illumination

Question 28

melanopsin is most sensitive to __

Answer 28

short wavelength light (blue range)

Question 29

light is sensed by the retina, and goes to __

Answer 29

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 30

what is the master regulator/master clock?

Answer 30

the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (of the hypothalamus)