Lecture 15

Question 1

hearing is a form of __: __ energy (sound waves) are converted to __ energy via __ in the ear

Answer 1

mechanosensation; mechanical; electrochemical; mechanosensors

Question 2

why is hearing important? (2)

Answer 2

orientation of the body to a novel stimulus

primary mode of communication (speech, music/expression)

Question 3

2 physical properties of sound and their perceptual counterpart

Answer 3

frequency (pitch/tone) and amplitude (loudness/intensity)

Question 4

human hearing sensitivity is __ (range), and the upper-limit __

Answer 4

20Hz to 20kHz; declines with age

Question 5

ear consists of 3 parts:

Answer 5

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

Question 6

__ of the outer ear collect sound waves and direct them to the __. this also aids in sound __

Answer 6

pinna, concha, and auditory meatus; auditory canal; localization

Question 7

middle ear consists of the __ and __

Answer 7

tympanic membrane; 3 tiny bones/ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)

Question 8

the tympanic membrane __ when struck by sound waves

Answer 8

vibrates

Question 9

malleus, incus, and stapes transmit information to the __

Answer 9

oval window of the cochlea

Question 10

vibrations against the oval window are transmitter into the __

Answer 10

cochlea

Question 11

the cochlea is located in the __ and is a __ organ, containing __

Answer 11

inner ear; fluid-filled; hair cells

Question 12

what are the mechanoreceptors for sound?

Answer 12

hair cells

Question 13

stereocilia are located in the __ membrane, but soma of hair cells are located in the __ membrane

Answer 13

tectorial; basilar

Question 14

__ transduction is mediated by hair cells

Answer 14

mechanoelectrical

Question 15

hair cell somas are in __lymph

Answer 15

peri

Question 16

stria vascularis maintains __

Answer 16

endolymph

Question 17

influx from __, efflux to __

Answer 17

endolymph; perilymph

Question 18

the cochlea encodes information about the __ (3) of the acoustic wave

Answer 18

amplitude, frequency, and duration

Question 19

apex = __, base of cochlea = __

Answer 19

floppy; stiff (requires higher frequencies)

Question 20

auditory system uses parallel pathways (the __ branches to innervate __ branches of the cochlear nucleus)

Answer 20

auditory nerve; 3

Question 21

information of each ear reaches __ of the system (even in the brain steam)

Answer 21

both sides

Question 22

(flow) auditory nerve to __, to __, to nucleus of __, to inferior __, to __ (thalamus)

Answer 22

cochlear nuclei; medial and lateral superior olive; nucleus of lateral lemniscus; inferior colliculus; medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Question 23

the __ is the first place where signals from the two ears come together and can be compared

Answer 23

superior olive

Question 24

cells in the lateral superior olive look for __; cells in the medial superior olive look for __

Answer 24

differences in sound intensity; particular timing differences (between the two ears)