Lecture 13

Question 1

in the off/resting state of monomeric g-protein coupled receptors, is RAS bound to GTP or GDP?

Answer 1

GDP in off state, GTP in on state

Question 2

GTP-binding protein is an intermediate __

Answer 2

transducing molecule

Question 3

effector proteins activate __ who can activate __

Answer 3

secondary messengers; a secondary effector, blah blah blah

Question 4

secondary messenger targets are usually __ or __

Answer 4

protein kinases or protein phosphatases

Question 5

cAMP is comprised of 2 __ and 2 __ = __

Answer 5

regulatory domains; catalytic domains; R2C2 complex

Question 6

active catalytic subunits phoshorylate downstream targets and leads to regulation of __

Answer 6

neurotransmitter release, neurotransmitter synthesis, ion channel/receptor function, calcium homeostasis, cytoskeletal function, gene expression, synaptic plasticity

Question 7

IP3 and DAG (diacylglycerol) cooperate (with __) to activate __

Answer 7

Ca; protein kinase C (PKC)

Question 8

CREB is a __ factor – binds to certain __ thereby increasing or decreasing the __

Answer 8

cellular transcription; DNA sequences; transcription of downstream genes

Question 9

in an unstimulated cell, creb is not __ but can become so through several different __

Answer 9

phosphorylated; signaling cascades

Question 10

the mechanism of signaling cascades causing creb to be phosphorylated underlies the __ and allows us to get __

Answer 10

late-phase LTP effect; newly synthesized proteins

Question 11

what do the senses do for us? (4)

Answer 11

perception, control of movement, regulation of internal organs, and maintenance of arousal

Question 12

there are sensory systems for __ (examples __) and for __ (examples __)

Answer 12

external stimuli (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, somatosensory)
internal stimuli (temperature, blood sugar, pressure and CO2, muscle tension and joint position (proprioception)

Question 13

another word for perception

Answer 13

exteroception

Question 14

proprioception

Answer 14

a sense of our body in space, relative position, etc.

Question 15

muscle spindles

Answer 15

proprioceptors in muscle

Question 16

kinesthesia

Answer 16

the overall sense of position, movement, etc.

Question 17

interoceptors

Answer 17

perception of things happening inside your body (gut)

Question 18

2 parts of ANS (autonomic sensory system)

Answer 18

sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest, feed and breed)

Question 19

4 basic attributes of sensory systems

Answer 19

modality (what sense it is), intensity (how strong it is), duration, and location (where is it processed and encoded)

Question 20

each sensory system has __ structures devoted to that sensory function

Answer 20

subcortical and cortical

Question 21

intensity of a stimulus is represented by __

Answer 21

action potential frequency

Question 22

strength of a stimulus is encoded by __

Answer 22

the amount of neurotransmitter released

Question 23

concept of sensory adaptation

Answer 23

how you don’t feel a chair you’ve been sitting on for a while until you think about it, or your clothes, etc.

Question 24

each sensory neuron has a __ - a specific region in sensory space in which the stimulus will trigger __

Answer 24

receptive field; the depolarization of that neuron

Question 25

transduction = __

Answer 25

converting sensory stimuli into neuronal electrical signals

Question 26

the size of the receptive field determines __

Answer 26

the spatial resolution of that neuron/sensory system

Question 27

secondary sensory neurons may have __ receptive fields

Answer 27

large or small

Question 28

convergence of the signals onto the secondary neurons means that the secondary neuron has a __ receptive field and yields greater __

Answer 28

larger (its a combination of the receptive fields of the primary sensory neurons); greater sensitivity

Question 29

non-convergence of the signals onto the secondary neurons mean that the secondary neuron has a __ receptive field and yields greater __

Answer 29

same size as primary sensory neuron (typically 1:1 ratio); greater spatial resolution

Question 30

sensory information must be fine-tuned to achieve __

Answer 30

maximal discriminative capacity (by lateral inhibition)

Question 31

concept of signal transduction

Answer 31

stimulus energy is converted into electrochemical energy

Question 32

concept of neural encoding

Answer 32

key attributes of the stimulus must be represented in the signals of the primary sensory neuron

Question 33

rods and cones are/aren’t firing all the time

its only when light hits them that they are __

Answer 33

are; hyperpolarized