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Neurobiology > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

ossicles are __

A

3 bones in the middle ear - malleus, incus and stapes

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2
Q

conduction of sound waves is based on the __ movement of __

A

alternating movement; the basilar and tectorial membranes

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3
Q

the movement of the basilar and tectorial membranes __ the bundles of hair cells

A

stretches and relaxes

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4
Q

between the basilar and tectorial membranes is __ and __ that __ the sound

A

hair cells and stereocilia; transduce

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5
Q

the __lymph is between the basilar and tectoral membranes and contains the hair cells

A

perilymph

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6
Q

the __lymph is in between the tectorial and vestibular membranes

A

endolymph

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7
Q

movement of the fluid in the ear has __ and __; waves __ through this aqueous environment

A

frequency and amplitude; propagate

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8
Q

hair cells are __receptors, meaning __ activates the receptor channels

A

mechano; a physical force

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9
Q

hair cells are what underly the __

A

transduction of auditory stimuli

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10
Q

the bottom of hair cells are attached to the __

A

basilar membrane

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11
Q

fluid wave movement causes the __ membrane to move, causing the __ to move

A

basilar; stereocilia

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12
Q

stereocilia can only move __. when they stretch (move in the direction of __) it causes __ channels to open and it is the influx of this __ that __ the membranes/hair cells

A

in one plane; the longest hair; K; K; depolarizes

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13
Q

when stereocilia move in the direction of __ (slackening/no tension), the hair cell __ because/and __ channels are closed

A

the shortest hair; hyperpolarizes; K

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14
Q

after depolarization, __ is released and picked up by the __ and action potentials are sent on to the brain

A

glutamate; afferent nerve

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15
Q

dynamic effects of K? it’s functioning to both __

A

depolarize AND hyperpolarize the hair cells

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16
Q

different fluid regions contain different __

A

ion concentrations

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17
Q

perilymph (or __) and endolymph are __

A

scala tympani; fluid-filled regions

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18
Q

endolymph is super __ in K concentration (so when hair cells are stretched and K channels open, K goes into the cell __)

A

high; along its concentration gradient

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19
Q

perilymph is super __ in K concentration (so when hair cells are slack, K leaves the cell __)

A

low; along its concentration gradient

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20
Q

at rest about __ percent of K channels are open, so there is __ at rest

A

10; a tonic signal

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21
Q

when stereocilia are stretched the membrane potential is __ than at rest and we see more __

A

higher; action potentials

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22
Q

when stereocilia are slacked the membrane potential is _- than at rest and we see less __

A

lower; action potentials

23
Q

characteristic frequency = __

A

the frequency at which you have peak sensitivity (lowest threshold to respond)

24
Q

each neuron/receptor responds best to a particular __

A

frequency

25
Q

frequency coding in the basilar membrane: near the apex we’re going to have __ that are __ the hair cells; towards the base of the __ we’re going to need __ to do the same thing

A

low frequency; exciting; cochlea; higher frequencies

26
Q

auditory cortex is organized in a __

A

topographic map

27
Q

the __ region of the auditory cortex corresponds to the apex. the __ region of the auditory cortex corresponds to the base of the basilar membrane

A

anterior or rostral (front); posterior or caudal (back)

28
Q

going from apex to base of basilar membrane (and thus from __ region of AC to __ region), do sounds get lower or higher?

A

front; back; higher

29
Q

visual system processes light __

A

reflected off distant objects

30
Q

visual system helps us __ (3)

A

identify objects (shape, color, texture), localize objects, and asses movement

31
Q

visual system is very __

A

quick

32
Q

visual stimuli are transduced by __

A

photoreceptors

33
Q

signals conveying visual info leave the retina via __ that convey these signals from the eye to the brain

A

retinal ganglion cells

34
Q

are the left and right visual fields represented in each eye?

A

yes

35
Q

light = __, photons/waves of various levels of energy

A

electromagnetic radiation

36
Q

high energy light = __ wavelength, __ frequency

lower energy = __ wavelength, __ frequency

A

shorter; higher; larger; lower

37
Q

visible light falls within __ nm

A

400-700

38
Q

hot colors are __ energy and cold colors are __ energy

A

lower; higher

39
Q

light of mixed wavelengths = __

light of one wavelength = __

A

white; color

40
Q

accommodation =

A

dynamic changes in the lens in response to where you are looking (far or near)

41
Q 
myopia = \_\_, the image of distant objects are in focus \_\_ 
hyperopia = \_\_, the image of distant objects are in focus \_\_
A

nearsightedness; in front of the retina; farsightedness; behind the retina

42
Q

retina = __ of cells and __ of synapses (__ types of cells)

A

3 layers; 2 layers; 5 types

43
Q

in the retina: light goes from __ but information goes from __

A

front to back; back to front

44
Q

the retina is specialized to detect __ intensity, not __ intensity

A

differences in; absolute

45
Q

5 types of cells in retina

A

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells

46
Q

2 types of photoreceptors

A

rods (light/dark) and cones (color)

47
Q

the outer segment of __ have more discs, this is what underlies their greater __

A

rods; sensitivity to light

48
Q

after a certain point of brightness, rods begin to __ and then cones take over for __

A

saturate; photopic vision

49
Q

scotopic vision =

A

lowest level of illumination, only rods activated, no color vision, poor acuity

50
Q

mesopic vision =

A

both rods and cones active

51
Q

photopic vision = best __, good __, __ active

A

visual acuity; color vision; only cones

52
Q

the __ in the photoreceptor disk membranes absorb light of __

A

photopigments; specific wavelengths

53
Q

photopigments in rods is __

A

rhodopsin

54
Q

__ types of -opsins for cones, that absorb different ranges of wavelengths

A

3

Neurobiology (16 decks)

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