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Neurobiology > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

the ability of synapses to strengthen OR weaken over time in response to changes in activity

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2
Q

learning: (2 definitions)

A
  1. acquisition of new information or knowledge

2. a change in behavior as a result of experience

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3
Q

memory: (2 definitions)

A
  1. retention of learned information

2. ability to store and recall learned experiences

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4
Q

short-term synaptic facilitation: when two or more action potentials __ and cause prolonged, elevated __ and an increase in __

A

arrive very close in time; Ca in the presynaptic terminal; the next action potential’s strength

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5
Q

short-term synaptic facilitation: as we increase the interval between two action potentials, the amount of facilitation __

A

goes down

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6
Q

(short-term synaptic facilitation) the facilitation effect is only about __ (nothing else matters)

A

presynaptic calcium

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7
Q

two types of short-term synaptic plasticity:

A

facilitation (strengthening connection) and depression (weakening connection)

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8
Q

short-term synaptic depression: when two or more action potentials happen closely in time, there is a decrease in __ due to the progressive __

A

synaptic strength; depletion of the pool of synaptic vesicles/using up all the neurotransmitters

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9
Q

tetanus

A

sustained synaptic activity

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10
Q

the level of synaptic depression is proportional to the __

A

amount of transmitter released from the presynapse (the more we release, the more we depress)

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11
Q

(synaptic depression) what if we reduced the amount of calcium in the environment?

A

it would take longer for the neurotransmitter pools to be emptied, therefore we would delay the depression effect

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12
Q

what type of relationship exists between amount of facilitation and interval between stimuli?

A

inverse root (L-shaped curve)

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13
Q

what type of relationship exists between amount of depression and relative amount of transmitter released?

A

proportional (linear)

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14
Q

procedural learning and memory: __ and __. performed without __. require __ but not easily __

A

skills and behaviors
performed without conscious recall
require practice
not easily forgotten

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15
Q

declarative learning and memory: __ and __. __ recalled. easy __

A

facts and events. consciously recalled. “easy come easy go”

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16
Q

2 types of implicit/procedural learning and memory

A

associative and non-associative

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17
Q

associative learning is a __ relationship, association is learned between __ or __

A

predictive; two stimuli or stimuli and a behavior

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18
Q

classical conditioning: __ response is expressed in response to a __

A

innate; neutral stimulus

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19
Q

which type of implicit/procedural learning does this describe? “learning to predict future events based on experience (negative or positive)”

A

associative

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20
Q

what type of conditioning, and learning, is the example of Pavlov’s dog

A

classical conditioning; implicit/procedural learning

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21
Q

what type of conditioning, and learning is the example of Skinner’s rats

A

operant conditioning; implicit/prodecural learning

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22
Q

non-associative learning produces a change in the __ due to repeated exposure to the __

A

strength of response to a single stimulus; same stimulus

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23
Q

an example of non-associative learning would be

A

aplysia gill/siphon withdrawal reflex

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24
Q

non-associative learning: the response changes with __

A

experience

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25
Q

classical conditioning pop culture example

A

the office: Dwight and the altoids!

26
Q

Aplysia have a simple __ and __ neurons

A

nervous system; large, identifiable neurons

27
Q

what is the gill-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia?

A

if you touch the siphon, the animal retracts the entire thing (siphones, gills, etc.)

28
Q

what is the decreased response of Aplysia after repeated probing of the siphon due to?

A

habituation, NOT anything like muscle fatigue

29
Q

if you pair a noxious stimulus (__) with gentle touch of siphon you get __, which is an example of __

A

tail shock; an enhance gill withdrawal response; sensitization

30
Q

sensitization allow an animal to __

A

generalize the response to an aversive stimuli, so that they respond the same way to other stimuli (generalize the response to one stimuli, to others)

31
Q

with repeated pairing of the siphon/tail thing, you can make the generalized response __

A

long-term

32
Q

gill withdrawal habituation causes a weakening of the __ synapses, (__)

A

sensory neuron to motor neuron; synaptic depression

33
Q

(synaptic depression/habituation) if we stimulate the __, we get an EPSP on the __. this EPSP gets smaller and smaller as stimulation continues, it becomes __ and __

A

sensory neuron; motor neuron; habituated; runs out of neurotransmitter to release

34
Q

(habituation) the action potential from the sensory neuron never changes strength (T/F)

A

TRUE! its the EPSP in the motor neuron that diminishes

35
Q

(gill withdrawal sensitization) __ from secondary pathway (__) talks back to sensory neuron in siphon to __ the response

A

modulatory interneuron; tail shock; enhance

36
Q

gill withdrawal habituation is an example of synaptic __

gill withdrawal sensitization is an example of synaptic __

A

depression; facilitation

37
Q

modulatory interneuron releases __ which enhances neurotransmitter release from the __, which leads to an increase in excitation of the __ and therefore an enhanced response

A

serotonin; siphon sensory neuron; motor neuron

38
Q

shock activates __ release from __

A

serotonin; modulatory interneuron

39
Q

serotonin activates __ in the axonal terminals of the __, which activate __ which causes an increase in __ which activates __ - an enzyme that affects protein expression… all leading to more neurotransmitter (__) release

A

G-protein coupled receptors; sensory neuron; Adenalyl cyclase; cyclic AMP; protein kinase A; glutamate

40
Q

Protein kinase A __ potassium channels - makes them work better but reduces __ (reduces the probability that __)
so we’re essentially stopping the __ phase and prolonging the __, allowing more __ to come in, allowing more release of the neurotransmitter

A 
phosphorylates; voltage sensitivity; potassium channels will open during a presynaptic action potential
repolarization phase (when K channels open); presynaptic action potential; calcium
41
Q

what does the phosphorylation of K channels by protein kinase A cause? (3)

A

longer-lasting action potentials, more Ca influx, and more neurotransmitter (glutamate) release

42
Q

short-term memory cascade:

long-term memory cascade:

A

G-protein activation leads to protein kinase A causing a change in ion conductance, causing more calcium influx and more glutamate release
second messenger cascade involving protein kinase A and CREB and more transcription (both caused by serotonin)

43
Q

short-term memory is post-translational __

long-term memory is changes in __ and __

A

modification of existing proteins; gene expression and synthesis of new proteins

44
Q

the hippocampus is essential for __

A

forming new memories

45
Q

episodic memory

A

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at particular time and place

46
Q

patient H.M. had severe __, they removed significant portions of the brain including __ and he could no longer __

A

epilepsy; hippocampus; form new episodic memories

47
Q

example of episodic memory

A

spatial navigation

48
Q

what does the hippocampus look like?

A

a seahorse!

49
Q

spatial learning and memory in rats depends on the __

A

hippocampus

50
Q

Morris water maze: __
normal rats: __
rats with no hippocampus: __

A

hidden platform in pool
1st time takes a while to find it, soon (after 10 trials) learns where it is
never learn where it is (first trial and 10th trial look the same)

51
Q

hippocampal place cells experiment found that hippocampal cell increased their activity whenever a rat _-

A

was in a certain region of an arena

52
Q

hippocampal place cells: each cell’s “firing field” =

A

region of arena where that cell is active

53
Q

hippocampal cells are ___-tuned

A

spatially

54
Q

is the hippocampus the first region of the brain where we have observed “place” neurons?

A

yes

55
Q

hippocampal place cells: are the shape and size of firing field fairly consistent?

A

no, they can vary quite a bit from one cell to another

56
Q

during high frequency stimulation, Ca influx leads to the modification of __

A

AMPA receptors

57
Q

Ca enters the postsynaptic dendrite through __ receptors and activates long-lasting changes in __ receptors

A

NMDA; AMPA

58
Q

more AMPA receptors increases the permeability to __, which means __

A

Na; larger EPSPs

59
Q

T/F: long-term potentiation is NMDA dependent?

A

true, because we need the calcium influx!

60
Q

remember: gNa =

A

permeability to Na

61
Q

long-term depression: __ influx of Ca causes this by inducing __ of AMPA receptors from the synapse. __ AMPA receptors = __ EPSPs

A

small; removal; fewer; smaller, weaker

Neurobiology (16 decks)

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