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Neurobiology > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

receptor potentials are graded in __ according to the strength of the stimulus, which is then converted into __.
intensity is represented by the __ of action potentials

A

amplitude; action potential frequency; frequency

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2
Q

graded means something __

A

varies in size in relation to the stimulus

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3
Q

it is at the __ (before the __) that the amplitude of the receptor potential is converted into action potentials (if that receptor potential _)

A

trigger zone; before the nodes of Ranvier; exceeds the threshold

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4
Q

the intensity of the stimulus is represented by the __ of action potentials, NOT the __ (they’re all the same __)

A

frequency; size/amplitude; same size/amplitude

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5
Q

the duration of the stimulus is represented in the __

A

duration of the receptor potential, then duration of the series of action potential

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6
Q

receptor /generator potential is __ at the trigger zone

A

integrated

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7
Q

neurotransmitter release varies with the __ arriving at the axon terminal

A

pattern of action potentials

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8
Q

strength of stimulus is encoded by __

A

amount of neurotransmitter released

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9
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the process in which changes in the sensitivity of sensory neurons occur in relation to the stimulus

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10
Q

olfactory pathways from the nose project to __

most sensory pathways project to __

A

olfactory cortex; thalamus

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11
Q

the thalamus __

A

modifies and relays information to cortical centers

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12
Q

2 types of chemical sensation

A

olfactory and gustatory

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13
Q

our oldest and most primitive sense is __

A

chemical sensation

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14
Q

why do we call it chemical sensation?

A

because the stimulus is a chemical

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15
Q

olfactory sense helps us detect __, (1) provides info about __ (3), and influences __ (4)

A

airborne molecules; self, others, and identifying food as hazardous; social interactions, reproduction, aggression, and feeding

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16
Q

gustatory sense helps us detect __ and provides info about food __ (3)

A

ingested tastants (soluble molecules); food quality, quantity, and safety

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17
Q

olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are found in the __

A

epithelial sheath/olfactory epithelium

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18
Q

odorants are transduced in the __

A

olfactory epithelium

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19
Q

the olfactory bulb receives input from __ and sends info __

A

olfactory epithelium; deeper into the brain/ to downstream targets

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20
Q

this connects olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb

A

olfactory nerve

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21
Q

olfactory processing is essential for the conscious __ and the association of __

A

appreciation of smells; odorants with environmental stimuli

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22
Q

olfactory processing can influence your __

A

motor, visceral, and emotional reactions to smells

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23
Q

what is humans’ least acute sense?

A

olfaction, animals have superior sense of smell

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24
Q

we humans can reliably detect the odors of __ and __ very well

A

ozone; ethanol

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25
Q

we humans can still detect many odorants. we can detect changes in __ and __

A

concentration; molecular structure (ex: spearmint and caraway, mirror images)

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26
Q

indole is an odorant that a high concentration of smells __ whereas a low concentration of smells __

A

putrid; floral

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27
Q

Bowman’s gland __

A

produces mucus

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28
Q

olfactory cilia are __

A

the first thing to pick up odorants and are covered in mucus

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29
Q

order of things:

A

olfactory cilia; receptor cells; receptor cell axons (olfactory nerve) to olfactory bulb

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30
Q

olfactory receptor neurons contain __

A

ciliated endings that sense chemical signals

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31
Q

support cells:

A

provide physical and trophic support for ORNs and basal cells

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32
Q

mucus is critical for protecting __

A

the sensory endings of ORNs

33
Q

basal cells are a __ layer to produce __

A

stem cell; new ORNs

34
Q

olfactory epithelium consists of __ (5)

A

basal cells, support cells, Bowman’s organs, mucus, ORNs

35
Q

ciliated endings of ORNs are __ and have receptors that are __

A

exposed to the environment; activated by odorants

36
Q

are receptors located anywhere else on ORNs besides the ciliated endings?

A

no

37
Q

odorant receptors are __ receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptors

38
Q

Gaolf activates __, producing __ which activates __ and causes influx of __ (2). influx of __ causes __ and activates __ to cause __ efflux and more __
repolarization happens through the __

A

adenylate cyclase; cAMP; cAMP-gated cation channels; calcium and sodium; calcium; depolarization; ca-gated Cl channels; Cl; and more depolarization
Na/Ca exchanger

39
Q

like other neurons, individual ORNs are sensitive to __.

there is a higher __ to specific odors, but in general most are __ and respond to a __ variety of odorants

A

subsets of stimuli; affinity; broadly-tuned; large

40
Q

ORNs have __ that relay odorant info directly to __

A

axons; the brain (the olfactory bulb)

41
Q

T/F olfactory bulb is part of the brain

A

true

42
Q

the __ of ORNs make up the olfactory nerve

A

axon bundles

43
Q

each olfactory neuron makes __ synaptic connections to __ in the olfactory bulb

A

glutamatergic; mitral cells

44
Q

mitral cells are the principal __

A

projection neurons

45
Q

glomeruli = spherical accumulation of __, connections between __ and __

A

neuropil; ORNs and mitral cells

46
Q

neuropil is anything that isnt __

A

the cell body (axons and dendrites)

47
Q

in the glomerulus, the dendrites of __ synapse with axons of __ that express the same __

A

mitral cells; ORNs; single odorant receptor!

48
Q

the glomerulus is the site of a crazy amount of __

A

convergence

49
Q

are there more mitral cell dendrites or more ORN axons in the glomerulus?

A

ORN axons by far! (convergence)

50
Q

mitral cells have a __ receptive field which means they have greater __

A

large; sensitivity

51
Q

individual glomeruli respond to __

downstream targets are more __

A

specific odorants; broadly-tuned

52
Q

olfactory info is distributed __

A

broadly!

53
Q

taste cells are found in __ (4)

A

tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus

54
Q

cranial nerve VII connects to taste cells in the __
cranial nerve IX connects to taste cells in the __
cranial nerve X connects to taste cells in the __

A

tongue; soft palate; epoglottis and esophagus

55
Q

what nucleus of the thalamus is involved in gustatory sense?

A

ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM)

56
Q

taste stimuli is non-__ and __ (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)

A

volatile; hydrophilic

57
Q

tastants are detected over full surface of the tongue via __

A

taste papillae

58
Q

taste papillae contain __, surrounded by __ of tongue epithelium

A

taste buds; invagination (trenches)

59
Q

taste buds contain __ (3)

A

taste cells, support cells, and basal cells

60
Q

taste buds are innervated by __

A

gustatory afferent axons

61
Q

taste system detects five tastants:

A

bitter, sour, sweet, salty, and umami (MSG/amino acid)

62
Q

different regions of the tongue have different __ for various tastes

A

thresholds

63
Q

discontinuity in taste sensitivity may be related to the __ (3) qualities detected by the taste receptors

A

aesthetic, metabolic, and toxic

64
Q

each region/class of tastant activates different regions of the __ (information thus remains __)

A

insula cortex; segregated

65
Q

each of the primary tastes has its own distinct __ that are expressed in subsets of taste cells

A

class of receptors

66
Q

taste cells are __: __ domain contains taste receptors, and __ domain releases neurotransmitter (serotonin, GABA, or ATP)

A

polarized; apical; basal

67
Q

taste receptors are either __ or __

A

ion channels or G-protein coupled receptors

68
Q

salts and acids activate __ (ion channels or GPCRs?)

A

ion channels

69
Q

salts activate amiloride-sensitive Na channel. when enough Na is present __

A

high influx causes depolarization

70
Q

acids (sour) activate __, allows for influx of __ and __, causing depolarization

A

proton (H) -activated cation channel; H and Na

71
Q

sweet and umami activate __

A

heterodimeric (same two parts everytime) GPCRs

72
Q

T1R2 and T1R3 = __; T1R1 and T1R3 = __ (these are the two parts of their __)

A

sweet; umami; GPCRs

73
Q

in sweet and umami: activation of G-protein leads to activation of __ which cleaves __ into IP3 and DAG, IP3 activates the IP3-gated TRP channel, causing influx of __, and depolarization

A

PLC; PIP2; Ca

74
Q

bitter activates __

A

monomeric GPCRs (T2R)

75
Q

bitter cascade:

A

same as sweet and umami

76
Q

TRPM5 knock out mice are __
similarly, __ knockout mice also do this
the rescue of __ in TR2 expressing cells only rescues behavioral response to __

A

not responsive to any taste; PLC; PLC; bitter (Quinine)

77
Q

expression of an ectotopic receptor in T1R2 cells causes mice to __

A

react to a synthetic molecule that is not normally attractive

78
Q

the data suggest that taste cells trigger __

A

dedicated behavioral outputs

Neurobiology (16 decks)

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