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Neurobiology > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

emotion = a type of response to a __

A

sensory input

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2
Q

two components of emotion:

A

emotional expression and emotional experience

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3
Q

with animal models, we can study the component of emotional __ (ex: __)

A

expression (fear & anxiety, anger & aggression)

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4
Q

with imaging techniques we can study brain regions involved in emotional __

A

experience

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5
Q 
emotional expression = \_\_
involves \_\_ (3)
A

behavioral manifestation of emotional response

involves somatic motor system, visceral motor system (ANS), and secretory hypothalamus

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6
Q

emotional experience = __

involves __

A

internal perception or experience of emotion

involves cortex

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7
Q

sham rage =

A

all the behavioral manifestations of rage, without the appropriate stimulus

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8
Q

emotional experience requires __ but emotional expression does not (sham rage experiments)

A

cortex

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9
Q

no sham rage occurs if __

it occurs if you __

A

hypothalamus is removed along with the other stuff

remove cerebral cortex but leave the hypothalamus

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10
Q

emotional behaviors combine control of __

A

voluntary and involuntary motor systems

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11
Q

basic circuits for emotional behavior are located in __

A

brainstem and diencephalon

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12
Q

posterior hypothalamus is important for expression of __ and is normally inhibited by the __

A

anger & aggression; telencephalon

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13
Q

examples of somatic motor system and visceral motor system (ANS)

A

somatic: facial expression
visceral: physiological changes

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14
Q

norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin are loaded into vesicles via __

A

vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)

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15
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine are cleared from the synaptic cleft via the __-dependent __, located in neurons and glia

A

Na; norepinephrine tranporter (NET)

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16
Q

norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin (all monoamines) can also be broken down via __

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

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17
Q

norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin act via __

A

GPCRs (alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors)

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18
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine play a role in __

A

sleep and wakefulness, attention, feeding, fight or flight

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19
Q

__ is the main source of norepinephrine

A

locus coerulius

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20
Q

serotonin is cleared from synaptic cleft via __ in neurons

these are the target of __

A

selective serotonin transporter (SERT)

these are the target of SSRI antidepressants

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21
Q

epinephrine is normally made and secreted by the __

A

adrenal glands

22
Q

the principal source of serotonin is the __

A

raphe nucleus in the brainstem

23
Q

amygdala is very important for __, especially __

A

emotion, especially fear

24
Q

__ is the hub through which sensory information/inputs from cortex and thalamus are translated to appropriate changes in behavior and physiology

A

the amygdala

25
Q

insula =

A

butterflies in your stomach

26
Q

this circuit mediates the neural process underlying the recognition via sensory input and reaction to, emotions

A

corticolimbic circuit

27
Q

interspersed around the amygdala are these patches of __ neurons - the patches are called __ - that can gate the flow of info between the __ and __, and are important in __

A

inhibitory; intercalated cell massed (ICMs); BLA and CeA; fear conditioning, fear extinction, and anxiety

28
Q

are intercalated neurons all the same morphology?

A

NO can be spiny, medium-spiny, etc.

29
Q

T/F: amygdala plays a role in fight or flight

A

True

30
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome has been documented in __.

it is when a __ occurs, which removes __, and results in problems in __

A

animals; temporal lobectomy; removes the temporal lobes, the amygdala, and the hippocampus; problems with visual recognition, hypersexuality, flattened emotional response, and lack of fear

31
Q

bilateral ablation of the amygdala causes __, and humans cannot recognize __

A

flattened emotion (like Kluver-Bucy), reduced fear and aggression; the emotion of fear

32
Q

stimulation of the amygdala leads to __ in humans, or __ in cats

A

increased vigilance/attention and anxiety/fear; fear and violent aggression

33
Q

patient S.M. has __ and a result of __

A

calcification of the amygdala, no fear

34
Q

low road to the amygdala =

A

(ex: a snake-like object) conveys a crude representation of the stimuli based on initial sensory input, causes a freeze behavior very fast

35
Q

high road to the amygdala =

A

lags a little but fills in the gaps in knowledge (yes that’s a snake or no that’s not a snake)

36
Q

(stress) central amygdala projects to __ which releases __ which causes __ to release __ which stimulates __ to release __

A

PVN of the hypothalamus; CRH; anterior pituitary; ACTH; adrenal gland; cortisol

37
Q

cortisol provides __ to PVN of hypothalamus

A

negative feedback

38
Q

3 common components of fear learning: __

A

fear conditioning, fear extinction, recall

39
Q

fear conditioning is based on __ and is a form of __, an association between __.

A

operant conditioning; learning; the aversive stimuli and the neutral tone

40
Q

extinction is NOT __ - it is __

A

forgetting; parallel learning

41
Q

how are neural signals integrated?

A

spatial summation and temporal summation

42
Q

spatial summation = summation of __

A

PSPs arriving on different dendrites or from different axons

43
Q

temporal summation = summation of __

A

PSPs arriving at slightly different times

44
Q

during high frequency stimulation, postsynaptic membrane is strongly __
AMPA receptors bind __ which causes more channels to open which causes large influx of __ which causes strong depolarization which causes a big EPSP

A

depolarized; glutamate; Na+

45
Q

during high frequency stimulation, __ and __ causes NMDA receptors to open and influx of __

A

glutamate binding; strong depolarization; Na+ and Ca+

46
Q

Ca entry increases __ receptor currents by causing __ or __. this is __

A

AMPA; modification of existing receptors or insertion of new receptors into postsynaptic membrane
long-term potentiation

47
Q

in conditioned fear in rats:
high blood pressure is a result of the amygdala talking to the __
freezing is a result of the amygdala talking to the __

A

hypothalamus; midbrain RF

48
Q

the amygdala is the site of __, supporting its role in conditioning

A

long-term potentiation

49
Q

during fear extinction, inputs from the __ activate inhibitory neurons of the ICMs (intercalated cell masses)

A

dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

50
Q

fear conditioning and fear extinction represent to __ but __ forms of learning that function to control the __

A

parallel but independent; expression and extinction of conditioned fear

Neurobiology (16 decks)

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