Lecture 10 Flashcards
emotion = a type of response to a __
sensory input
two components of emotion:
emotional expression and emotional experience
with animal models, we can study the component of emotional __ (ex: __)
expression (fear & anxiety, anger & aggression)
with imaging techniques we can study brain regions involved in emotional __
experience
emotional expression = \_\_ involves \_\_ (3)
behavioral manifestation of emotional response
involves somatic motor system, visceral motor system (ANS), and secretory hypothalamus
emotional experience = __
involves __
internal perception or experience of emotion
involves cortex
sham rage =
all the behavioral manifestations of rage, without the appropriate stimulus
emotional experience requires __ but emotional expression does not (sham rage experiments)
cortex
no sham rage occurs if __
it occurs if you __
hypothalamus is removed along with the other stuff
remove cerebral cortex but leave the hypothalamus
emotional behaviors combine control of __
voluntary and involuntary motor systems
basic circuits for emotional behavior are located in __
brainstem and diencephalon
posterior hypothalamus is important for expression of __ and is normally inhibited by the __
anger & aggression; telencephalon
examples of somatic motor system and visceral motor system (ANS)
somatic: facial expression
visceral: physiological changes
norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin are loaded into vesicles via __
vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)
norepinephrine and epinephrine are cleared from the synaptic cleft via the __-dependent __, located in neurons and glia
Na; norepinephrine tranporter (NET)
norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin (all monoamines) can also be broken down via __
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin act via __
GPCRs (alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors)
norepinephrine and epinephrine play a role in __
sleep and wakefulness, attention, feeding, fight or flight
__ is the main source of norepinephrine
locus coerulius
serotonin is cleared from synaptic cleft via __ in neurons
these are the target of __
selective serotonin transporter (SERT)
these are the target of SSRI antidepressants
epinephrine is normally made and secreted by the __
adrenal glands
the principal source of serotonin is the __
raphe nucleus in the brainstem
amygdala is very important for __, especially __
emotion, especially fear
__ is the hub through which sensory information/inputs from cortex and thalamus are translated to appropriate changes in behavior and physiology
the amygdala
insula =
butterflies in your stomach
this circuit mediates the neural process underlying the recognition via sensory input and reaction to, emotions
corticolimbic circuit
interspersed around the amygdala are these patches of __ neurons - the patches are called __ - that can gate the flow of info between the __ and __, and are important in __
inhibitory; intercalated cell massed (ICMs); BLA and CeA; fear conditioning, fear extinction, and anxiety
are intercalated neurons all the same morphology?
NO can be spiny, medium-spiny, etc.
T/F: amygdala plays a role in fight or flight
True
Kluver-Bucy syndrome has been documented in __.
it is when a __ occurs, which removes __, and results in problems in __
animals; temporal lobectomy; removes the temporal lobes, the amygdala, and the hippocampus; problems with visual recognition, hypersexuality, flattened emotional response, and lack of fear
bilateral ablation of the amygdala causes __, and humans cannot recognize __
flattened emotion (like Kluver-Bucy), reduced fear and aggression; the emotion of fear
stimulation of the amygdala leads to __ in humans, or __ in cats
increased vigilance/attention and anxiety/fear; fear and violent aggression
patient S.M. has __ and a result of __
calcification of the amygdala, no fear
low road to the amygdala =
(ex: a snake-like object) conveys a crude representation of the stimuli based on initial sensory input, causes a freeze behavior very fast
high road to the amygdala =
lags a little but fills in the gaps in knowledge (yes that’s a snake or no that’s not a snake)
(stress) central amygdala projects to __ which releases __ which causes __ to release __ which stimulates __ to release __
PVN of the hypothalamus; CRH; anterior pituitary; ACTH; adrenal gland; cortisol
cortisol provides __ to PVN of hypothalamus
negative feedback
3 common components of fear learning: __
fear conditioning, fear extinction, recall
fear conditioning is based on __ and is a form of __, an association between __.
operant conditioning; learning; the aversive stimuli and the neutral tone
extinction is NOT __ - it is __
forgetting; parallel learning
how are neural signals integrated?
spatial summation and temporal summation
spatial summation = summation of __
PSPs arriving on different dendrites or from different axons
temporal summation = summation of __
PSPs arriving at slightly different times
during high frequency stimulation, postsynaptic membrane is strongly __
AMPA receptors bind __ which causes more channels to open which causes large influx of __ which causes strong depolarization which causes a big EPSP
depolarized; glutamate; Na+
during high frequency stimulation, __ and __ causes NMDA receptors to open and influx of __
glutamate binding; strong depolarization; Na+ and Ca+
Ca entry increases __ receptor currents by causing __ or __. this is __
AMPA; modification of existing receptors or insertion of new receptors into postsynaptic membrane
long-term potentiation
in conditioned fear in rats:
high blood pressure is a result of the amygdala talking to the __
freezing is a result of the amygdala talking to the __
hypothalamus; midbrain RF
the amygdala is the site of __, supporting its role in conditioning
long-term potentiation
during fear extinction, inputs from the __ activate inhibitory neurons of the ICMs (intercalated cell masses)
dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
fear conditioning and fear extinction represent to __ but __ forms of learning that function to control the __
parallel but independent; expression and extinction of conditioned fear
