Lecture 10 Flashcards by Julia Boudreau

emotion = a type of response to a __

sensory input

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two components of emotion:

emotional expression and emotional experience

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with animal models, we can study the component of emotional __ (ex: __)

expression (fear & anxiety, anger & aggression)

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with imaging techniques we can study brain regions involved in emotional __

experience

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emotional expression = \_\_
involves \_\_ (3)

behavioral manifestation of emotional response

involves somatic motor system, visceral motor system (ANS), and secretory hypothalamus

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emotional experience = __

involves __

internal perception or experience of emotion

involves cortex

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sham rage =

all the behavioral manifestations of rage, without the appropriate stimulus

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emotional experience requires __ but emotional expression does not (sham rage experiments)

cortex

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no sham rage occurs if __

it occurs if you __

hypothalamus is removed along with the other stuff

remove cerebral cortex but leave the hypothalamus

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emotional behaviors combine control of __

voluntary and involuntary motor systems

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basic circuits for emotional behavior are located in __

brainstem and diencephalon

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posterior hypothalamus is important for expression of __ and is normally inhibited by the __

anger & aggression; telencephalon

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examples of somatic motor system and visceral motor system (ANS)

somatic: facial expression
visceral: physiological changes

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norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin are loaded into vesicles via __

vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)

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norepinephrine and epinephrine are cleared from the synaptic cleft via the __-dependent __, located in neurons and glia

Na; norepinephrine tranporter (NET)

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norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin (all monoamines) can also be broken down via __

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

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norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin act via __

GPCRs (alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors)

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norepinephrine and epinephrine play a role in __

sleep and wakefulness, attention, feeding, fight or flight

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__ is the main source of norepinephrine

locus coerulius

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serotonin is cleared from synaptic cleft via __ in neurons

these are the target of __

selective serotonin transporter (SERT)

these are the target of SSRI antidepressants

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epinephrine is normally made and secreted by the __

adrenal glands

the principal source of serotonin is the __

raphe nucleus in the brainstem

amygdala is very important for __, especially __

emotion, especially fear

__ is the hub through which sensory information/inputs from cortex and thalamus are translated to appropriate changes in behavior and physiology

the amygdala

insula =

butterflies in your stomach

this circuit mediates the neural process underlying the recognition via sensory input and reaction to, emotions

corticolimbic circuit

interspersed around the amygdala are these patches of __ neurons - the patches are called __ - that can gate the flow of info between the __ and __, and are important in __

inhibitory; intercalated cell massed (ICMs); BLA and CeA; fear conditioning, fear extinction, and anxiety

are intercalated neurons all the same morphology?

NO can be spiny, medium-spiny, etc.

T/F: amygdala plays a role in fight or flight

True

Kluver-Bucy syndrome has been documented in __. | it is when a __ occurs, which removes __, and results in problems in __

animals; temporal lobectomy; removes the temporal lobes, the amygdala, and the hippocampus; problems with visual recognition, hypersexuality, flattened emotional response, and lack of fear

bilateral ablation of the amygdala causes __, and humans cannot recognize __

flattened emotion (like Kluver-Bucy), reduced fear and aggression; the emotion of fear

stimulation of the amygdala leads to __ in humans, or __ in cats

increased vigilance/attention and anxiety/fear; fear and violent aggression

patient S.M. has __ and a result of __

calcification of the amygdala, no fear

low road to the amygdala =

(ex: a snake-like object) conveys a crude representation of the stimuli based on initial sensory input, causes a freeze behavior very fast

high road to the amygdala =

lags a little but fills in the gaps in knowledge (yes that's a snake or no that's not a snake)

(stress) central amygdala projects to __ which releases __ which causes __ to release __ which stimulates __ to release __

PVN of the hypothalamus; CRH; anterior pituitary; ACTH; adrenal gland; cortisol

cortisol provides __ to PVN of hypothalamus

negative feedback

3 common components of fear learning: __

fear conditioning, fear extinction, recall

fear conditioning is based on __ and is a form of __, an association between __.

operant conditioning; learning; the aversive stimuli and the neutral tone

extinction is NOT __ - it is __

forgetting; parallel learning

how are neural signals integrated?

spatial summation and temporal summation

spatial summation = summation of __

PSPs arriving on different dendrites or from different axons

temporal summation = summation of __

PSPs arriving at slightly different times

during high frequency stimulation, postsynaptic membrane is strongly __ AMPA receptors bind __ which causes more channels to open which causes large influx of __ which causes strong depolarization which causes a big EPSP

depolarized; glutamate; Na+

during high frequency stimulation, __ and __ causes NMDA receptors to open and influx of __

glutamate binding; strong depolarization; Na+ and Ca+

Ca entry increases __ receptor currents by causing __ or __. this is __

AMPA; modification of existing receptors or insertion of new receptors into postsynaptic membrane long-term potentiation

in conditioned fear in rats: high blood pressure is a result of the amygdala talking to the __ freezing is a result of the amygdala talking to the __

hypothalamus; midbrain RF

the amygdala is the site of __, supporting its role in conditioning

long-term potentiation

during fear extinction, inputs from the __ activate inhibitory neurons of the ICMs (intercalated cell masses)

dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

fear conditioning and fear extinction represent to __ but __ forms of learning that function to control the __

parallel but independent; expression and extinction of conditioned fear