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EDKP-206 > Lecture 2 - Mechanical Properties of Materials > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Mechanical Properties of Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What do extensive properties depend on?

A

the amount of a material

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2
Q

What are two examples of extensive properties?

A

mass and volume

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3
Q

What do intensive properties not depend on?

A

the amount of a material

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4
Q

What are two examples of strength

A

stress and strain

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5
Q

What is stress?

A

force applied to deform a structure

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6
Q

What is the formula for stress?

A

sigma = F/A

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7
Q

What are the units for stress?

A

pascal (MPa) or PSI

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8
Q

What are the 3 kinds of stresses?

A

compression, tension, shear

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9
Q

How is compression created?

A

when force is applied inward on an object

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10
Q

How is tension created?

A

when forces are pulled away from the object

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11
Q

How is shearing created?

A

when a parallel force is applied to the area

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12
Q

What does strain result in?

A

deformation of a material from a force

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13
Q

What kind of direction of deformation can a strain have?

A

perpendicular or parallel

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14
Q

What is strain?

A

change in the length of materal/resting length of material

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15
Q

What is the formula for strain?

A

e = deltaL/L

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16
Q

What is a stress-strain curve?

A

a graph relating stress to strain

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17
Q

What are stress-strain curves useful for?

A
  • examining how materials change with age
  • examining how materials react to different forces
  • examining how materials react to everyday stress
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18
Q

What happens during the toe region?

A

initial un-crimping of fibers

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19
Q

What are the 4 regions of stress-strain curves?

A

toe region, elastic region, plastic region, failure point

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20
Q

What happens during the elastic region?

A

material returns to original length when load is removed

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21
Q

What happens during the plastic region?

A

structure does not return to original length when load is removed

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22
Q

What happens during failure point?

A

fracture or breaking point

23
Q

What is Young’s modulus also referred to?

A

modulus of elasticity (material’s stiffness)

24
Q

What is Young’s modulus?

A

the slope of the straight line (elastic region) of a stress-strain curve

25
Q

A material with a high Young’s modulus undergoes….

A

less strain under a given load

26
Q

A material with a low Young’s modulus undergoes…

A

more strain under a given load (stiffer)

27
Q

What kind of material is ductile?

A

it deforms plastically before failure

28
Q

What kind of material is brittle?

A

fails before plastic deformation

29
Q

What kind of relationship is brittle failure?

A

stress-strain

30
Q

What happens at ultimate tensile strength?

A

the material breaks

31
Q

What is ductile failure?

A

when material yields with continued increase in the applied load

32
Q

What does Poisson’s Ratio state (2)?

A
  1. when a material is stretched in one direction it tends to get thinner in the other two directions
  2. when a material is compressed in one direction it tends to get thicker in the other two directions
33
Q

What is Poisson’s Ratio?

A

the ratio between a material’s transverse and longitudinal strain when it is stretched

34
Q

What does the negative sign do in Poisson’s Ratio?

A

it keeps the Poisson’s ratio positive for objects in which stretching longitudinally leads to a decrease in the lateral dimension

35
Q

Most materials have Poisson ratio between…

A

0 and 0.5

36
Q

What is material fracture?

A

when a material is compressed in one direction it tends to get thicker in the other two directions

37
Q

When does fatigue fracture happen?

A

when a material is loaded and unloaded repeatedly, and the maximum loads are below the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)*

38
Q

What is fatigue limit?

A

the stress below which the material will never fail in fatigue

39
Q

What are stress rates?

A

psi/second or MPa/second

40
Q

What are strain rates?

A

pure frequency, per second, inch/inch/second, mm/mm/second

41
Q

What is sensitive to strain rate?

A

soft tissues

42
Q

What is stress relaxation?

A

the reduction of stress within a material over time as the material is subject to constant deformation

43
Q

What is creep?

A

the continued deformation of material over time as the material is subjected to a constant load

44
Q

What do bones have a similar fashion to?

A

beams

45
Q

What is a neutral axis?

A

the location where a beam experiences zeros tress

46
Q

How are the stresses on each side of the neutral axis defined as?

A

compressive and tensile

47
Q

What is applied instead of a bending movement?

A

a torque or twisting force

48
Q

What does torsion generate?

A

shear stresses that are distributed over the entire structure

49
Q

What is buckling?

A

fracture mode of a structure

50
Q

Short and wide column =

A

compression under a load

51
Q

As a column gets taller and thinner,

A

it becomes less stable

52
Q

What happens to a perfectly centered force on a column?

A

it will continue to compress

53
Q

What will cause the column to bow out?

A

an off-centre force

EDKP-206 (16 decks)

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