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EDKP-206 > Lecture 12 - Gait and Posture > Flashcards

Lecture 12 - Gait and Posture Flashcards

1
Q

What is postural sway?

A
  • Normal standing posture can be compared to an inverted pendulum
  • Occurs in two dimensions:
    a) Anterior-posterior
    b) Medial-lateral
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2
Q

What is sway?

A

Characterized by:
1. Center of pressure (COP)
2. Center of mass (COM)

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3
Q

What is the ideal posture concept?

A
  • Requires least amount of energy
  • Minimizes stress on joints
  • Minimizes loads in ligaments and muscles
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4
Q

In the sagittal plane, what is the alignment in the spine?

A
  • Kyphosis: In thoracic and sacral region
  • Lordosis: In lumbar and cervical region
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5
Q

When does the development of the spinal alignments occur?

A

Primary curve:
Babies born with kyphotic spine
Secondary curve:
1. Cervical lordosis develops with head control
2. Lumbar lordosis develops with gait

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6
Q

What is Cobb’s angle?

A
  • Describes the angle of different spinal regions
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7
Q

What is the relationship between pelvis and spine?

A
  • Orientation of pelvis is common in clinical evaluation
  • Anterior pelvic tilt: Increased lordosis of lumbar spine
  • Posterior pelvis tilt: Decreased lordosis of lumbar spine
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8
Q

In the sagittal plane, what is the alignment of the head?

A
  • Typical: Ear aligned with shoulder
  • Aging: Ear is forward in relation to the spine
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9
Q

In the frontal plane, what is the spinal alignment?

A

“Right-left” symmetry

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10
Q

What is postural malalignment?

A

Exp: Scoliosis
- Contributes to altered joint and muscle mechanics
- Produces impairments that lead to pain

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11
Q

What are muscle imbalances reported in postural malalignments?

A
  • Muscles on one side of the joint are held in a lengthened position and the antagonistic muscles are shortened
  • Length changes produce joint impairments including weakness and limited ROM
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12
Q

What is the gait cycle?

A

Movement pattern beginning and ending with ground contact of the same foot

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13
Q

What is a step?

A

Movement of a limb from ground contact of that limb to ground contact of the opposite side

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14
Q

What is stride?

A

Movement of both limbs during 1 gait cycle

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15
Q

What are the two phases of gait?

A
  1. Stance (60%)
  2. Swing (40%)
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16
Q

What are the tasks of stance phase in locomotion?

A
  1. Provide adequate support
  2. Absorb shock of impact between the limb and ground
  3. Provide adequate forward/backward force for progression
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17
Q

What are the tasks of swing phase in locomotion?

A
  1. Safe limb clearance
  2. Appropriate limb placement for next contact
  3. Transfer of momentum
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18
Q

What are the ways gait can be characterized?

A
  1. Periods
  2. Tasks
  3. Phases
    Exp: Support periods
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19
Q

What are the kinematics of locomotion?

A
  • Spatial parameters (distance)
  • Temporal parameters
  • Angular joint displacement
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20
Q

What are the factors affecting kinematic gait characteristics?

A
  • Walking speed
  • Age
  • Height
  • Weight/BMI
  • Aerobic conditioning
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21
Q

What are the spatial parameters?

A
  1. Stride length
  2. Step length
  3. Step width
  4. Foot angle
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22
Q

What are the temporal parameters?

A
  1. Stride time
  2. Speed
  3. Cadence
  4. Stance time
  5. Swing time
  6. Swing/stance ratio
  7. Double support time
  8. Single support time
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23
Q

What are two ways to walk faster?

A
  1. Increase cadence
  2. Increase step length
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24
Q

What are the effects of speed on the gait cycle?

A
  • Walking speed affects swing and stance times
  • Increased speed = decrease cycle length
  • As stance decreases, double support decreases and single support increases
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25
Q

What are ways to measure angular displacements of the joints?

A
  • Video/photography
  • 3D motion capture
  • Markerless motion capture
  • Sensor based
26
Q

What plane is has the largest ROM?

A

Sagittal plane

27
Q

Which plane is the easiest to capture?

A

Sagittal plane

28
Q

What is the angular displacement of the hip in the sagittal plane?

A
  • Single “wave”
  • Starts/ends with flexion
  • Less extension than flexion
29
Q

What is the angular displacement of the knee in the sagittal plane?

A
  • Peak 1: Loading
  • Peak 2: Foot clearance
30
Q

What is the angular displacement of the ankle in the sagittal plane?

A
  • Neutral at foot contact
  • Plantarflexion in loading
  • Plantarflexion to clear foot
31
Q

What is the angular displacement of the hip in the frontal plane?

A
  • Affected by the pelvis
  • Adducts in stance
  • Unloaded hip in swing abducts
  • Increased abduction/circumduction during swing related to plantarflexion weakness
32
Q

What is the angular displacement of the knee in the frontal plane?

A

Slight motion (2-10 degrees)

33
Q

What is the angular displacement of the ankle in the frontal plane?

A
  • Initial contact in slight inversion
  • Foot “rolls” into neutral/eversion in stance
  • Returns to inversion position during swing
34
Q

What is the angular displacement of the hip in the transverse plane?

A
  • A function of the transverse plane motion of the pelvis and femur
  • Forward rotation of the pelvis contributes to lateral rotation of the ipsilateral hip
  • Femur rotates medially
35
Q

How is muscle activation measured?

A

Using EMG

36
Q

What are the types of contractions?

A
  1. Eccentric: lengthen
  2. Concentric: shorten
  3. Isometric: no change
37
Q

What is the muscle activation of the TA?

A
  • Eccentric contraction prevents foot slap (in stance)
  • Isometric contraction aids in toe clearance (in swing)
38
Q

What is the muscle activation of the tricep surae?

A
  • Concentric contraction towards end of stance phase (generates power for push off and helps with clearance)
39
Q

What is the muscle activation of the quadriceps?

A
  • Active preceding initial contact through opposite toe off (also late phases of stance)
  • Turn on in synchrony with hamstrings to provide stability to the knee joint
  • Acting to help the knee extend before initial contact
40
Q

What is the muscle activation of the hamstrings?

A
  • Slow down the “whip” of the knee before initial contact (during swing)
  • Works in harmony with the quadriceps for control of knee
41
Q

What is the muscle activation of the gluteus maximus?

A
  • Major hip extensor
  • Active preceding initial contact of stance
  • Prevent collapsing to the ground
42
Q

How are 3D ground reaction forces collected?

A

Using force plates

43
Q

What is the vertical ground reaction force?

A
  • “Double bump” curve shape
  • Peaks > 100% body weight correspond to COM acceleration upwards
  • Valley during single-limb support
44
Q

What is the anterior-posterior ground reaction force?

A
  • Negative: deceleration phase
  • Positive: acceleration phase
45
Q

What is the medial lateral ground reaction force?

A
  • Smallest forces
46
Q

What are the kinetics of gait?

A

Comprises…
- Forces
- Moments
- Power
- Energy

47
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A
  • During gait, body segments undergo large linear/angular accelerations
  • Newton’s second law is required:
    Linear: F = ma
    Angular: M = Iα
48
Q

What are the two ways to analyze kinetic quantities in gait?

A
  1. Inverse dynamics: Calculate net joint forces and moments of force from kinematic information
  2. Forward dynamics: Know force in muscles, joints, etc and predict movement
49
Q

What is a link segment?

A

Break body into segments
Exp: foot, thigh

50
Q

What is Newtons second law?

A

Unbalanced forces produces an acceleration

51
Q

What is Newtons third law?

A

For every force, there is an equal but opposite force

52
Q

How are net moments analyzed?

A
  • Represent the net moments from all muscles, ligaments and soft tissues
  • Net external moments: moments applied to the joint due to external forces
  • Net internal moments: moments applied to the joint by muscles and soft tissue
53
Q

What are the joint moments in the sagittal plane?

A

Moments can be interpreted based on knowledge of muscle activity and ground reaction forces

54
Q

In the sagittal plane. what are the joint moments in the hip?

A
  • Initial contact: Gluteus maximus resists flexion, resulting in internal hip extension moment
  • Stance: Results in extended hip
  • Swing: Hip flexors actively contract to flex hip
55
Q

In the sagittal plane, what are the joint moments of the knee?

A
  • Initial contact: Brief flexor moment related to hamstring
  • Early stance: Large extension moment to control knee flexion
  • Flexion moment eventually flexes the knee
56
Q

In the sagittal plane, what are the joint moments of the ankle?

A
  • Initial contact: Brief dorsiflexion moment to control foot slap
  • Late stance: Plantarflexion moment to resist dorsiflexion and plantarflex ankle
57
Q

What is joint power?

A
  • Joint moment (M) x Angular velocity (ω)
  • Rate of work measured in watts
58
Q

What is the joint power during concentric movements?

A

Generate power (positive)

59
Q

What is the joint power during eccentric movements?

A

Absorbs power (negative)

60
Q

Where is joint power generate?

A

By the..
1. Hip (flexors and extensors)
2. Ankle (plantarflexors)

EDKP-206 (16 decks)

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