Lecture 13 - Spine Flashcards
1
Q
How many primary curves do newborns have in their spine?
A
1
2
Q
What are the 2 spine curves?
A
lordosis and kyphosis
3
Q
Lordosis involves what 2 spinal segments?
A
cervical and lumbar
4
Q
Kyphosis involves what 2 spinal segments?
A
thoracic and sacral
5
Q
What are the 2 parts of the structure of the vertebrae?
A
vertebral body
neural arch
6
Q
Is the vertebral body the anterior or posterior portion of the vertebrae?
A
anterior
7
Q
What kind of loads does the vertebral body sustain?
A
compressive loads
8
Q
What kind of bone is the vertebral body made of?
A
cancellous bone
9
Q
What kind of vertebral endpoints does the vertebral body have?
A
cartilaginous vertebral endpoints
10
Q
What kind of bony ring is the neural arch?
A
protective
11
Q
What does the neural arch have?
A
processes
12
Q
What boundary do the laminae form of the neural arch?
A
posterior
13
Q
What do the laminae shunt forces between? (2 processes)
A
the spinous processes and the articular processes
14
Q
What do laminae resist?
A
rotation
15
Q
What plane do laminae resist rotation?
A
transverse plane
16
Q
What do the pedicles bind the neural arch to?
A
the vertebral body
17
Q
What kind of bone are the pedicles composed of?
A
strong cortical bone
18
Q
What 2 kinds of loads do pedicles sustain?
A
high compressive and tensile loads
19
Q
What direction does the inferior articular process project?
A
downward
20
Q
What side does the inferior articular process provide article surface on?
A
lateral side
21
Q
What does the inferior articular process articulate with?
A
superior articular process
22
Q
Does the inferior articular process articular with the superior articular process of the vertebrae below or above it?
A
below
23
Q
Does the superior articular process project upward or downward?
A
upward
24
Q
Is the superior articular process smaller or bigger than the inferior articular process?
A
bigger
25
What does the superior articular process articulate with?
the inferior articular process of the vertebrae above it
26
Is the spinous process thick or thin?
thick
27
What process is the point of attachment of ligaments and muscles?
the spinous process
28
What is the shape of the transverse process?
long and flat
29
What process is the point of attachment for structures providing frontal plane stability?
the transverse process
30
What foramina forms the spinal canal?
vertebral foramina
31
What disks form the spinal canal?
the intervertebral disk
32
What do the posterior and transverse processes differ in (2)?
length, orientation
33
What do facets differ in?
orientation
34
What do ligaments restrain?
movement
35
What do ligaments provide information about?
vertebrae position
36
What 2 structures provide integral support and selected flexibility to the collective vertebral column?
ligaments and fascia
37
What is the principle of "tensegrity"
system of isolated components under compression within a network of cords under constant tension
38
What 3 things does the principle of "tensegrity" help maintain?
1. structural integrity
2. mechanical stability
3. optimize loading
39
What are the 2 facet joints?
superior and inferior articular process
40
What are the 2 intervertebral joints?
vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
41
What kind of joints are facet joints?
synovial
42
How can you increase loading on facet?
extension
43
What are the 4 functions of facet joints?
1. guide segmental motion
2. resist anterior shear
3. resist torsion
4. resist compression
44
What are the 4 functions of intervertebral joints?
1. maintain space between vertebrae
2. allow movement
3. resist compression
4. resist rotation
45
What are the 2 parts of the intervertebral disc
annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
46
What portion of the intervertebral disc does the annulus fibrosus form?
outer portion
47
What are the rings of the annulus fibrosus made of?
fibrocartilage
48
How are the rings of the annulus fibrosus oriented?
obliquely
49
What does the annulus fibrosus resist (2)?
tensile forces and compression
50
What is found in the annulus fibrosus?
mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings
51
What portion of the intervertebral disc does the nucleus pulposus form?
the inner portion
52
What makes up 70-90% of the nucleus pulposus?
water
53
What does the nucleus pulposus resist?
compression
54
Where does the nucleus pulposus play a role?
nutrition
55
What are the 3 translations?
1. distraction/compression
2. anterior/posterior shear
3. left/right shear (glide)
56
What are the 3 rotations?
1. flexion/extension
2. left/right side bend (side flexion/lateral flexion)
3. left/right rotation (transverse plane)
57
What 3 parts make up a functional spinal unit?
vertebrae + intervertebral disc + vertebrae
58
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar segment?
5
59
What is found anterior and posterior of the lumbar spine?
anterior: intervertebral disc
posterior: facet joint
60
Lumbar facet joints are more ___ to sagittal plane than thoracic facets.
parallel
61
What does lumbar movement allow and limit?
allow: flexion and extension
limits: rotations and sideflexion
62
What are instantaneous centres of rotation (ICR)?
point of rotation for the spine is not fixed in space
63
At any one time, the centre of rotation can ___.
change
64
What has implications for clinical treatment?
ICR
65
What levels of flexion and extension does the lumbar spine have?
high levels
66
What does the thorax have more of than the lumbar spine?
rotation
67
Where on the cervical spine is there lots of rotation?
C1-C2
68
What moves with lumbar movement?
nucleus pulposus
69
What kind of migration is lumbar flexion?
posterior migration
70
What kind of migration is lumbar extension?
anterior migration
71
When bending, some axial ___ will also naturally occur.
rotation
72
What creates coupled motions during bending?
tension with other elements
73
To maintain balance, what does the spinal column move in relation to?
the pelvis
74
What kind of tilt causes natural hyperextension of lumbar spine?
anterior tilt of pelvis
75
What kind of tilt causes forward flexion of lumbar spine?
posterior tilt of pelvis
76
Lumbar pelvic rhythm + hip flexion allows for more ___.
ROM
77
What part of the intervertebral disc resists rotation?
annulus fibrosus
78
What limits rotation but provides less protection while in flexion?
facet joints
79
What is compression converted to?
circumferential tension
80
What 2 structures resist tension?
annulus fibrosus and vertebral end plates
81
What do torso muscles do to motion rather than try to move a body part?
stop/control
82
What is the primary role of spine muscles?
create stability
83
A spine with no muscles ___ under light loads.
bucles
84
The spine musculature acts as "___" to stiffen the structure.
guy wires
85
What kind of spine can resist buckling?
stiff spine
86
What are the 3 extensors of the spine?
1. longissimus
2. iliocostalis
3. multifidus
87
What are the 3 functions of the spine extensors?
1. trunk extension
2. spine stability
3. leg speed enhancement
88
What are the 4 abdominal muscles?
1. rectus abdominis
2. external oblique
3. internal oblique
4. transversus abdominis
89
What is the primary function of the abdominal muscles?
trunk flexion
90
What are the 3 roles of the rectus abdominis?
1. trunk flexion
2. rib depression
3. spine stability
91
What are the 5 functions of the external obliques?
1. trunk flexion
2. contralateral trunk rotation
3. increases intra-abdominal pressure
4. rib depression
5. spinal stabilization
92
What are the 6 functions of the internal obliques?
* Trunk flexion
* Ipsilateral trunk rotation
* Increase intra- abdominal pressure
* Rib depression
* Spinal
stabilization
* Defecation, childbirth
93
What are the 2 functions of the transverse abdominis?
* Increase intra- abdominal pressure
* Spinal stabilization
94
What are 4 spine musculature exercises?
1. bird dog
2. side plank
3. curl-up
95
T or F?
Those who have never had a previous back injury appear to have no additional benefit from wearing a belt.
true
96
Are lifting belts recommended for routine exercise participation?
no
97
What are the 2 lumbar joint reaction forces?
shear and compression forces
98
What can go into the body to bridge between healthy bone structures?
prosthetic implants
99
What do prosthetic implants have to measure the force being applied?
sensors
100
What happens to COM during obesity?
projected anteriorly
101
What do static pressure vary with?
posture
102
What is placed into the vertebral discs to read pressure during different activities?
needled pressure sensors
103
As incline is increased, IVD pressure ___.
decreases
104
