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EDKP-206 > Lecture 13 - Spine > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Spine Flashcards

1
Q

How many primary curves do newborns have in their spine?

A

1

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2
Q

What are the 2 spine curves?

A

lordosis and kyphosis

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3
Q

Lordosis involves what 2 spinal segments?

A

cervical and lumbar

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4
Q

Kyphosis involves what 2 spinal segments?

A

thoracic and sacral

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5
Q

What are the 2 parts of the structure of the vertebrae?

A

vertebral body
neural arch

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6
Q

Is the vertebral body the anterior or posterior portion of the vertebrae?

A

anterior

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7
Q

What kind of loads does the vertebral body sustain?

A

compressive loads

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8
Q

What kind of bone is the vertebral body made of?

A

cancellous bone

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9
Q

What kind of vertebral endpoints does the vertebral body have?

A

cartilaginous vertebral endpoints

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10
Q

What kind of bony ring is the neural arch?

A

protective

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11
Q

What does the neural arch have?

A

processes

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12
Q

What boundary do the laminae form of the neural arch?

A

posterior

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13
Q

What do the laminae shunt forces between? (2 processes)

A

the spinous processes and the articular processes

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14
Q

What do laminae resist?

A

rotation

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15
Q

What plane do laminae resist rotation?

A

transverse plane

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16
Q

What do the pedicles bind the neural arch to?

A

the vertebral body

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17
Q

What kind of bone are the pedicles composed of?

A

strong cortical bone

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18
Q

What 2 kinds of loads do pedicles sustain?

A

high compressive and tensile loads

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19
Q

What direction does the inferior articular process project?

A

downward

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20
Q

What side does the inferior articular process provide article surface on?

A

lateral side

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21
Q

What does the inferior articular process articulate with?

A

superior articular process

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22
Q

Does the inferior articular process articular with the superior articular process of the vertebrae below or above it?

A

below

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23
Q

Does the superior articular process project upward or downward?

A

upward

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24
Q

Is the superior articular process smaller or bigger than the inferior articular process?

A

bigger

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25
Q

What does the superior articular process articulate with?

A

the inferior articular process of the vertebrae above it

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26
Q

Is the spinous process thick or thin?

A

thick

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27
Q

What process is the point of attachment of ligaments and muscles?

A

the spinous process

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28
Q

What is the shape of the transverse process?

A

long and flat

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29
Q

What process is the point of attachment for structures providing frontal plane stability?

A

the transverse process

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30
Q

What foramina forms the spinal canal?

A

vertebral foramina

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31
Q

What disks form the spinal canal?

A

the intervertebral disk

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32
Q

What do the posterior and transverse processes differ in (2)?

A

length, orientation

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33
Q

What do facets differ in?

A

orientation

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34
Q

What do ligaments restrain?

A

movement

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35
Q

What do ligaments provide information about?

A

vertebrae position

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36
Q

What 2 structures provide integral support and selected flexibility to the collective vertebral column?

A

ligaments and fascia

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37
Q

What is the principle of “tensegrity”

A

system of isolated components under compression within a network of cords under constant tension

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38
Q

What 3 things does the principle of “tensegrity” help maintain?

A
  1. structural integrity
  2. mechanical stability
  3. optimize loading
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39
Q

What are the 2 facet joints?

A

superior and inferior articular process

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40
Q

What are the 2 intervertebral joints?

A

vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

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41
Q

What kind of joints are facet joints?

A

synovial

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42
Q

How can you increase loading on facet?

A

extension

43
Q

What are the 4 functions of facet joints?

A
  1. guide segmental motion
  2. resist anterior shear
  3. resist torsion
  4. resist compression
44
Q

What are the 4 functions of intervertebral joints?

A
  1. maintain space between vertebrae
  2. allow movement
  3. resist compression
  4. resist rotation
45
Q

What are the 2 parts of the intervertebral disc

A

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

46
Q

What portion of the intervertebral disc does the annulus fibrosus form?

A

outer portion

47
Q

What are the rings of the annulus fibrosus made of?

A

fibrocartilage

48
Q

How are the rings of the annulus fibrosus oriented?

A

obliquely

49
Q

What does the annulus fibrosus resist (2)?

A

tensile forces and compression

50
Q

What is found in the annulus fibrosus?

A

mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings

51
Q

What portion of the intervertebral disc does the nucleus pulposus form?

A

the inner portion

52
Q

What makes up 70-90% of the nucleus pulposus?

A

water

53
Q

What does the nucleus pulposus resist?

A

compression

54
Q

Where does the nucleus pulposus play a role?

A

nutrition

55
Q

What are the 3 translations?

A
  1. distraction/compression
  2. anterior/posterior shear
  3. left/right shear (glide)
56
Q

What are the 3 rotations?

A
  1. flexion/extension
  2. left/right side bend (side flexion/lateral flexion)
  3. left/right rotation (transverse plane)
57
Q

What 3 parts make up a functional spinal unit?

A

vertebrae + intervertebral disc + vertebrae

58
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar segment?

A

5

59
Q

What is found anterior and posterior of the lumbar spine?

A

anterior: intervertebral disc
posterior: facet joint

60
Q

Lumbar facet joints are more ___ to sagittal plane than thoracic facets.

A

parallel

61
Q

What does lumbar movement allow and limit?

A

allow: flexion and extension
limits: rotations and sideflexion

62
Q

What are instantaneous centres of rotation (ICR)?

A

point of rotation for the spine is not fixed in space

63
Q

At any one time, the centre of rotation can ___.

A

change

64
Q

What has implications for clinical treatment?

A

ICR

65
Q

What levels of flexion and extension does the lumbar spine have?

A

high levels

66
Q

What does the thorax have more of than the lumbar spine?

A

rotation

67
Q

Where on the cervical spine is there lots of rotation?

A

C1-C2

68
Q

What moves with lumbar movement?

A

nucleus pulposus

69
Q

What kind of migration is lumbar flexion?

A

posterior migration

70
Q

What kind of migration is lumbar extension?

A

anterior migration

71
Q

When bending, some axial ___ will also naturally occur.

A

rotation

72
Q

What creates coupled motions during bending?

A

tension with other elements

73
Q

To maintain balance, what does the spinal column move in relation to?

A

the pelvis

74
Q

What kind of tilt causes natural hyperextension of lumbar spine?

A

anterior tilt of pelvis

75
Q

What kind of tilt causes forward flexion of lumbar spine?

A

posterior tilt of pelvis

76
Q

Lumbar pelvic rhythm + hip flexion allows for more ___.

A

ROM

77
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc resists rotation?

A

annulus fibrosus

78
Q

What limits rotation but provides less protection while in flexion?

A

facet joints

79
Q

What is compression converted to?

A

circumferential tension

80
Q

What 2 structures resist tension?

A

annulus fibrosus and vertebral end plates

81
Q

What do torso muscles do to motion rather than try to move a body part?

A

stop/control

82
Q

What is the primary role of spine muscles?

A

create stability

83
Q

A spine with no muscles ___ under light loads.

A

bucles

84
Q

The spine musculature acts as “___” to stiffen the structure.

A

guy wires

85
Q

What kind of spine can resist buckling?

A

stiff spine

86
Q

What are the 3 extensors of the spine?

A
  1. longissimus
  2. iliocostalis
  3. multifidus
87
Q

What are the 3 functions of the spine extensors?

A
  1. trunk extension
  2. spine stability
  3. leg speed enhancement
88
Q

What are the 4 abdominal muscles?

A
  1. rectus abdominis
  2. external oblique
  3. internal oblique
  4. transversus abdominis
89
Q

What is the primary function of the abdominal muscles?

A

trunk flexion

90
Q

What are the 3 roles of the rectus abdominis?

A
  1. trunk flexion
  2. rib depression
  3. spine stability
91
Q

What are the 5 functions of the external obliques?

A
  1. trunk flexion
  2. contralateral trunk rotation
  3. increases intra-abdominal pressure
  4. rib depression
  5. spinal stabilization
92
Q

What are the 6 functions of the internal obliques?

A
  • Trunk flexion
  • Ipsilateral trunk rotation
  • Increase intra- abdominal pressure
  • Rib depression
  • Spinal
    stabilization
  • Defecation, childbirth
93
Q

What are the 2 functions of the transverse abdominis?

A
  • Increase intra- abdominal pressure
  • Spinal stabilization
94
Q

What are 4 spine musculature exercises?

A
  1. bird dog
  2. side plank
  3. curl-up
95
Q

T or F?
Those who have never had a previous back injury appear to have no additional benefit from wearing a belt.

A

true

96
Q

Are lifting belts recommended for routine exercise participation?

A

no

97
Q

What are the 2 lumbar joint reaction forces?

A

shear and compression forces

98
Q

What can go into the body to bridge between healthy bone structures?

A

prosthetic implants

99
Q

What do prosthetic implants have to measure the force being applied?

A

sensors

100
Q

What happens to COM during obesity?

A

projected anteriorly

101
Q

What do static pressure vary with?

A

posture

102
Q

What is placed into the vertebral discs to read pressure during different activities?

A

needled pressure sensors

103
Q

As incline is increased, IVD pressure ___.

A

decreases

104
Q
A

EDKP-206 (16 decks)

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