LECTURE 2 joints

Question 1

definition of joint

Answer 1

articulation: where parts of skeleton meet (bone, cartilage, connective tissue, teeth)

Question 2

factors in joint stability (3)

Answer 2

muscle tone, ligaments, fit of articular surface

Question 3

definition of joint stability

Answer 3

likelihood of joint staying together

Question 4

joint classifications

Answer 4

structure: how the joint is put together, organized / function: amount of mobility permitted at joint

Question 5

functions of joints (3)

Answer 5

synarthroses (no/little movement), amphiarthroses (slight movement), diarthroses (great movement)

Question 6

structures of joints (2)

Answer 6

solid (cartilagenous, fibrous), synovial

Question 7

cartilagenous solid joint

Answer 7

synchondrosis (connected by hyaline cartilage), symphysis (connected by fibrocartilage)

Question 8

fibrous solid joint

Answer 8

sutures (connected by short strands of dense CT), syndesmoses (connected by ligaments), gomphosis (peg in socket with short ligament)

Question 9

components of synovial joints

Answer 9

articular cartilage, synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and vessels, meniscus

Question 10

articular cartilage (synovial joint component)

Answer 10

hyaline cartilage, covers ends of both bones articulating

Question 11

synovial cavity (synovial joint component)

Answer 11

space holding synovial fluid, created by articular capsule

Question 12

articular capsule (synovial joint component)

Answer 12

made of two layers: fibrous (external, dense CT for strength), synovial membrane (internal, produces synovial fluid)

Question 13

synovial fluid (synovial joint component)

Answer 13

thick, viscous, lubricates and nourishes cartilages, contained in capsule and articular cartilages

Question 14

reinforcing ligaments (synovial joint component)

Answer 14

extracapsular/intracapsular

Question 15

nerves and vessels (synovial joint component)

Answer 15

highly innervated, highly vascular

Question 16

meniscus (synovial joint component)

Answer 16

found in some synovial joints (not all, but can have more than one), fibrocartilage discs, improves the fit of two bones to increase mobility

Question 17

bursae and tendon sheaths

Answer 17

associated with synovial joints to reduce friction of bones, tendons, muscles; filled with synovial fluid, needed because there’s so much movement at synovial joints

Question 18

bursae

Answer 18

flat, fibrous sac with synovial membrane lining

Question 19

tendon sheaths

Answer 19

elongated bursae that wraps around tendons

Question 20

synovial joint shapes (6)

Answer 20

hinge, plane, condyloid, pivot, saddle, ball & socket (3 degrees of movement: uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial; degree of movement determined by shape of articular surfaces)

Question 21

plane (synovial joint shape)

Answer 21

articular surface in flat plane, non-axial movement, short gliding movement (non-descript), eg: intertarsal, articular processes of vertebrae)

Question 22

hinge (synovial joint shape)

Answer 22

cylindrical end of one bone fits into trough shape of other, uniaxial movement, always allows flexion and extension, eg: elbow, ankle, interphalangeal

Question 23

pivot (synovial joint shape)

Answer 23

round end fits into ring of bone and ligament, uniaxial movement, rotation on long axis, eg: radius/ulna, atlas/dens, atlas/axis

Question 24

condyloid (synovial joint shape)

Answer 24

egg-shape articular surface and oval concavity, biaxial movement, eg: metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)

Question 25

saddle (synovial joint shape)

Answer 25

articular surface both concave and convex (dual curved), side to side/back and forth movement, biaxial movement, eg: carpometacarpal joint of thumb (opposition)

Question 26

ball and socket (synovial joint shape)

Answer 26

spherical head and round socket, multiaxial movement, eg: shoulder, femur, hip