Lecture 2 - Goal Setting and Environmental Corretlates

Question 1

what is a goal

Answer 1

target/objective that people strive to achieve

Question 2

goal setting

Answer 2

the practice of establishing desirable objectives for ones action
- > GS is the most commonly used performance enhancement strategy in Ex. Psych

Question 3

The Mechanistic Theory of Goal Setting

Answer 3

goal setting works by doing 4 things
- > the goals direct attention
- > goals mobilize efforts
- > foster persistance
- > promote the development of new learning strategies
the basic idea is that goals directly regulate performance

Question 4

types of goals

Answer 4

Outcome goals
- > goals that focus on social comparison and competitive results (not exactly doing anything to complete the goal
Performance goals
- > goals that focus on specific behaviours in which athletes must engage throughout a performance (actually doing something about it)
Subjective goals
- > goals that focus on doing your best
Objective goals
- > goals that are objectively measured, you either did it or you didn’t

Question 5

goal guidlines

Answer 5

• > goal specificity
• > goal feedback - feedback will influence what we do next
• > set specific goals in measurable terms
• > set challenging but realistic goals - moderately difficult goals
• > set short term and long term goals
• > set positive, rather than negative goals

Question 6

common goal setting problems

Answer 6

• > setting too many goals
• > setting only subjective goals
• > failure to recognize individual differences
• > underestimating implementation time
• > failure to provide follow-up and evaluation

Question 7

SMART Goal Setting

Answer 7

• > specific
• > measurable
• > adjustable
• > realistic
• > timely

Question 8

designing a goal setting program

Answer 8

• > use a person oriented approach
• > assess individual needs and abilities
• > educate
• > evaluate and modify

Question 9

Delayed Gratification

Answer 9

human beings are not very good at waiting for reinforcement (rewards or benefits)
- > type of correlate
why is this important for exercise?
- > the benefits of exercise are not immediate; we don’t like this

Question 10

what factors can influence people to be active?

Answer 10

• > certain (social) environmental things can make it easier to be physically active (i.e. bike lanes, underground bike parking, certain facilities
• > if you make PA easier to do, people are more likely to do it

Question 11

% of people walking, biking and driving in Canada vs the Netherlands

Answer 11

Netherlands
- > when distance is >or/ to 1km, 60% of journeys were done on foot and 32% on bikes
- > 1-3km: 21% walking, 46% bike
Canada
0-3km
- > bikes = 1%; walking = 10%, car = 74%
- > the Netherlands encourage being physically active with biking and walking trails, bike lanes and stands, and a much higher cost of gas