Lecture 2 Flashcards
amount that produces desired intensity of effect in 50% of individuals tested
Median effective dose
amount that produces toxic effects in 50% of individuals tested
median toxic dose
If blood levels are below ______ the drug won’t work.
MEC
minimum effective concentration
If the drug is above ______ then is harming the patient.
MTC
Minimum toxic concentration
What does a loading dose do?
Gets blood levels up quickly. Used to etablish desired blood levels of medications
What is a child from birth- 1 month referred to as?
Neonate
A child from 1 month to 1 year is what?
Infant
Early childhood is considered
1 years to 5 years
Late childhood is considered
6-12 years
Adolescence is considered what ages?
13-17 years
In children, doses are often what?
Weight-based
Body surface area is often used in medications for what?
Children
What does percent mean?
Rate per hundred
%w/v ( weight/ volume)
grams/ 100 mL
% v/v
mL/ 100 mL
%w/w
grams/ 100 grams
Ideal Body Weight for males
50 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 feet
Ideal body weight for females
45.5 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 feet
When do you use adjusted body weight?
If the person is more than 30% obese
What is the equation for adjusted body weight?
IBW + 0.4 (ABW-IBW)
What is the equation for creatine clearance?
(140- age) x IBW/ (Scr x 72) (0.85 for females)
What is a normal SCR (serum creatine)
< 1 mg/dL
Where does serum creatine come from?
Muscles (if you have no muscles it will be low)
What is a normal creatine clearance?
> 100 mL/ min
What is a creatine clearance that requires an adjustment of medications.
30 mL/ min
What is the Study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body and their mechanism of action?
pharmacodynamics
Variables influence the drug reaching its site of action and the length of time it remains there
Pharmacokinetics
What is an all or none response?
Quantal
What are the two types of dose response curves?
Quantal and graded
maximal response produced by a drug.
Efficacy
the amount of drug needed to elicit a given response.
Potency
The steeper the slope of the response curve the _____ the dose change required to get to a desired effect
smaller
binds receptor and activates
Agonist
binds receptor at active site and produces only a partial response even when all the receptors are bound
Partial agonist
inactivate agonist before it has the opportunity to act
chemical antagonist
cause a physiologic effect opposite to that induced by the agonist
Physiologic antagonists
Binds reversibly to the active site of a receptor, and does not cause activation
Competitive antagonist
Antagonists shift the dose response curve which way?
To the right (agonist has to overcome antagonist to illicit a response)
Bind to either active or allosteric site of receptor.
If binding the active site binding is irreversible and can’t be outcompeted by agonist
Noncompetitive antagonist
Range of doses of drug that elicits therapeutic response without unacceptable toxicity
Therapeutic window
What medications must you be cautious with?
Those with a narrow therapeutic index
Binds reversibly to the active site of a receptor, and does not cause activation
Competitive antagonist
How many cm are in one inch?
2.54 cm
How many mL are in 1 tsp?
5 mL
1 kg = ____ lb.
2.2 lbs
If actual weight is < IBW what weight should you use?
actual body weight
EDTA
chelator with high affinity for lead
Antacids
bases and act by neutralizing gastric acid
Mannitol
- Biologically inert and doesn’t penetrate membranes
- filtered into urine
- osmotic diuretic (makes you pee)
Raloxifene
- acts as a partial agonist to estrogen receptors in bone
- antagonist to estrogen receptor in breast
Buprenorphine
- partial agonist with high affinity for Mu-opioid receptor
- more potent but less efficacious then full agonist (morphine)
- produce some response, but not full affect like addictive drug
What is used clinically to treat addiction, and can cause withdrawal by outcompeting?
Buprenorphine
What does inhibit potentially dangerous increases that would occur with sympathetic stimulation? Often a beta-blocker, partial agonist.
Pindolol
