Intro to Infectious Disease Flashcards
What do host flora do?
Occupy space and compete for essential nutrients
simulate cross-protective antibodies
Suppress growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi
temp over what can signify infection.
> 37 C in adults
How do you remember the order of the most number to least number of WBCS?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
What is a term that refers to neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils?
Granulocytes
What is a term that describes a mature working neutrophil?
Seg
What is a term that refers to an immature neutrophil?
Bands
With increased bands there is what type shift?
Left shift
What is the normal amount of bands?
<5%
More bands is a sign of what?
Infection (really high numbers = cancer)
What type of WBC phagocytozie microorgansisms?
neutrophils
How do you calculate ANC?
WBC # x (% segs + % bands)
The lower the ANC the what?
higher risk for infection
What is mild ANC?
1000-1500 mm^3
What is severe ANC?
<500 mm^3
What is moderate ANC?
500-1000 mm^3
Can antibiotics lead to neutropenia?
No, but a lot of other drugs can
What type WBCs are effector cells of immune system and recognize invaders and tag them for removal and kill them.
Lymphocytes
responsible for immune process against helminths and parasites (and allergic)
eosinophils
what mediates the inflammatory response?
basophils
Serve to replenish tissues with macrophages
monocytes
what type bacteria has more peptidoglycan?
gram positive
what does gram negative have?
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
what do you stain mycobacteria with?
Acid fast
lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits visible growth of the bacteria
minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)
For intermediate antimicrobial susceptible what do you want to do?
Use a higher dose of the antibiotic
What is you goal for the anitbiotic in term of MIC?
2-4x the MIC
Do you want to use a resistant antibiotic?
No
Which type of gram positive cocci is coagulase positive?
Staphylococcus aureus
What category does MRSA fall under?
S. aureus
Where is staphylococci found?
Skin and nose
What infections can staphylococci cause?
cellulitis, wounds, trauma bacteremia/ endocarditis pneumonia osteomyelitis UTI post surgery infections
why is staphylococci a big player in post surgery infections?
it adheres to foreign material (ex- catheters, pins in limb) this is why there is antibiotic prophylaxis
What is staphlococcal resistant to?
Penicillin resistance (90%) Methicillin resistance (50% of S. aureus are resistant, MecA gene)
Where is streptococcus found?
Skin Mouth Nasopharynx Lower Gi Female Genitlia
What type strep do you find in the female genital tract?
Group B- S. agalactiae
What causes Nec fascitis?
Group A- S. pyogenes
What can cause neonatal meningitis?
group B- Strep agalacitae
How do you treat step?
Penicillin
Where is pneumococci found?
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
What infections are cause by pneumococci?
otitis media sinusitis bronchitis Pneumonia (CAP) meningitis
Patients without a spleen can’t clear what?
S. pneumoniae
H. influenze
N. meningitadis
What are patients with asplenia at risk for?
fulminant sepsis syndrome
what is used to treat pneumococci?
3rd gen. cephalosporins (ceftriaxone)
What is an opportunistic infection that is hard to treat and found in GI tract and female genital tract. (UTI, bacteremia, endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections)
Enterococci
What are important aerobic) gram negative rods (enterobacteriacea)
Enterobacter spp Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus vulgaris Proteus mirabilis Serratia marcenena
What are 2 gram negative aerobic Cocci/coccobaccilli?
Haemophilis influenzae
Nisseiria meningitidis
Where are enterobacteraciae found?
GI tract colonization
Soil, water, vegetation
What type of bacteria causes 70% of UTIs?
enterobacteraciae
What else can enterobacteraciae cause?
intrabdominal infections
bactermia
nosocomial pneumonia
diabetic foot infections
Is reistance to enterobacteraciae common?
Yes, especially in hosptial patients
Is pseudomonas aeruginosa normal flora?
No
In what type patients can pseudomonas aeruginosa colonize upper respiratory tract?
COPD
cystic fibrosis
Is pseudomonas aeruginosa an opportunist infection?
Yes- especially in immunocompromised patients, patients who have had broad spectrum antibiotics, ventilation equipment
What is pseudomonas responsible for?
HAP
febrile neutropenia
skin and soft tissue infections
UTIs
What is the mnemonic for remember of what to double cover
SPACE Serratia Pseudomonas Acinetobacter Citrobacter Enterobacter
When is haemophilus more virulent?
Encapsulated (causes meningitis)
when does hameophilus influenzae colonize the upper resp tract, causes otitis media, sinusitis, CAP?
no capsule
What does the haemophilus influenzae vaccine target?
The capsulated form
Who are the only natural host of neisseria menigitidis?
Humans
What do anerboes colonize?
GI tract
vagina
intrabdominal infection
What infections are anerboes associated with?
intraabdominal infection, aspiration pneumonia, endometritis, PID, diabetic lower extremity infections, dental carries, head and neck
What are three atypical bacteria (not normal colonizers, not able to gram stain, multiply intracellularly)
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Legionella pneumophilia
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
What can atypical bacteria result in?
CAP (community acquired pneumonia)
Which of the following do not cause CAP? Viridans streptococcus S. pneumoniae Atypicals H. influenzae
Viridans streptococcus
What is the pneumonic that lets you know which bacteria have capsules?
Even Some Super Kills Have Pretty Nice Capsules Escherichia Coli Streptococcus Pneumoniae Salmonella Klebsiella pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Neisseria meningitidis Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast)
What are found in streptococci group?
Group A strep
Virdans strep
What is the most common type of enterococcus?
Faecalis
What are 3 types of atypical bacteria?
Mycoplasma
chlamydia
legionella
What are 3 types of anaerobes?
Bacteroides
Clostridia
Prevotella
What two gram positive bacteria appear as chains of cocci?
Streptococcus pyrogens
Viridans Streptococcus
What two types of gram positive bacteria appear as pairs of cocci?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Enterococcus spp.
What two types of gram positive bacteria appear as clusters of cocci?
Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus (S. aureus)
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus (S. epidermis)
What two types of gram positive bacteria appear as bacilli?
Listeria
Lactobacillus
What two types of gram negative bacteria appear as cocci?
Neisseria menigitidis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What six types of gram negative bacteria appear as bacilli?
Escherichia coli Klebsiella spp. Enterobacter spp. Proteus spp. Serratia marcescens Pseudomonas spp.
What one type of bacteria appears as coccobacilli?
Haemophilus influenzae
What are the three types of enterococcus (gram positive cocci)? What is the most common type?
faecalis- most common
faceium
durans
Classify enterococcus
Gram positive cocci (pairs) aerobic
Classify staphylococcus aureus
Gram positive cocci (aerobic)
appears in clusters
What bacteria causes group A beta hemolytic strep?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram positive cocci, chains
What bacteria causes Group B beta hemolytic strep? Where does it often occur?
Streptococcus agalactiae
Often in female genital tract
What causes Group D beta hemolytic strep? (nonenterococci). Where is it found?
Streptococcus bovis
Found in lower GI
Classify viridans streptococcus.
Gram positive cocci appear in chains
Where does viridans streptococcus appear?
Mouth
Lower GI
Dental caries
Bacteremia/ endocarditis
What type of alpha hemolytic strep is specifically resistant to penicillin?
S. mitis
Classify streptococcus Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus).
Gram positive, cocci that appear in pairs
Aerobic
