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Pharm > Intro to Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Intro to Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What do host flora do?

A

Occupy space and compete for essential nutrients
simulate cross-protective antibodies
Suppress growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi

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2
Q

temp over what can signify infection.

A

> 37 C in adults

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3
Q

How do you remember the order of the most number to least number of WBCS?

A 
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
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4
Q

What is a term that refers to neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils?

A

Granulocytes

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5
Q

What is a term that describes a mature working neutrophil?

A

Seg

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6
Q

What is a term that refers to an immature neutrophil?

A

Bands

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7
Q

With increased bands there is what type shift?

A

Left shift

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8
Q

What is the normal amount of bands?

A

<5%

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9
Q

More bands is a sign of what?

A

Infection (really high numbers = cancer)

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10
Q

What type of WBC phagocytozie microorgansisms?

A

neutrophils

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11
Q

How do you calculate ANC?

A

WBC # x (% segs + % bands)

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12
Q

The lower the ANC the what?

A

higher risk for infection

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13
Q

What is mild ANC?

A

1000-1500 mm^3

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14
Q

What is severe ANC?

A

<500 mm^3

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15
Q

What is moderate ANC?

A

500-1000 mm^3

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16
Q

Can antibiotics lead to neutropenia?

A

No, but a lot of other drugs can

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17
Q

What type WBCs are effector cells of immune system and recognize invaders and tag them for removal and kill them.

A

Lymphocytes

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18
Q

responsible for immune process against helminths and parasites (and allergic)

A

eosinophils

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19
Q

what mediates the inflammatory response?

A

basophils

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20
Q

Serve to replenish tissues with macrophages

A

monocytes

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21
Q

what type bacteria has more peptidoglycan?

A

gram positive

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22
Q

what does gram negative have?

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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23
Q

what do you stain mycobacteria with?

A

Acid fast

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24
Q

lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits visible growth of the bacteria

A

minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)

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25
Q

For intermediate antimicrobial susceptible what do you want to do?

A

Use a higher dose of the antibiotic

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26
Q

What is you goal for the anitbiotic in term of MIC?

A

2-4x the MIC

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27
Q

Do you want to use a resistant antibiotic?

A

No

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28
Q

Which type of gram positive cocci is coagulase positive?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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29
Q

What category does MRSA fall under?

A

S. aureus

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30
Q

Where is staphylococci found?

A

Skin and nose

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31
Q

What infections can staphylococci cause?

A 
cellulitis, wounds, trauma
bacteremia/ endocarditis
pneumonia
osteomyelitis
UTI 
post surgery infections
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32
Q

why is staphylococci a big player in post surgery infections?

A

it adheres to foreign material (ex- catheters, pins in limb) this is why there is antibiotic prophylaxis

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33
Q

What is staphlococcal resistant to?

A 
Penicillin resistance (90%) 
Methicillin resistance (50% of S. aureus are resistant, MecA gene)
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34
Q

Where is streptococcus found?

A 
Skin
Mouth
Nasopharynx
Lower Gi
Female Genitlia
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35
Q

What type strep do you find in the female genital tract?

A

Group B- S. agalactiae

36
Q

What causes Nec fascitis?

A

Group A- S. pyogenes

37
Q

What can cause neonatal meningitis?

A

group B- Strep agalacitae

38
Q

How do you treat step?

A

Penicillin

39
Q

Where is pneumococci found?

A

Oropharynx

Nasopharynx

40
Q

What infections are cause by pneumococci?

A 
otitis media
sinusitis
bronchitis
Pneumonia (CAP)
meningitis
41
Q

Patients without a spleen can’t clear what?

A

S. pneumoniae
H. influenze
N. meningitadis

42
Q

What are patients with asplenia at risk for?

A

fulminant sepsis syndrome

43
Q

what is used to treat pneumococci?

A

3rd gen. cephalosporins (ceftriaxone)

44
Q

What is an opportunistic infection that is hard to treat and found in GI tract and female genital tract. (UTI, bacteremia, endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections)

A

Enterococci

45
Q

What are important aerobic) gram negative rods (enterobacteriacea)

A 
Enterobacter spp
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus vulgaris
Proteus mirabilis
Serratia marcenena
46
Q

What are 2 gram negative aerobic Cocci/coccobaccilli?

A

Haemophilis influenzae

Nisseiria meningitidis

47
Q

Where are enterobacteraciae found?

A

GI tract colonization

Soil, water, vegetation

48
Q

What type of bacteria causes 70% of UTIs?

A

enterobacteraciae

49
Q

What else can enterobacteraciae cause?

A

intrabdominal infections
bactermia
nosocomial pneumonia
diabetic foot infections

50
Q

Is reistance to enterobacteraciae common?

A

Yes, especially in hosptial patients

51
Q

Is pseudomonas aeruginosa normal flora?

A

No

52
Q

In what type patients can pseudomonas aeruginosa colonize upper respiratory tract?

A

COPD

cystic fibrosis

53
Q

Is pseudomonas aeruginosa an opportunist infection?

A

Yes- especially in immunocompromised patients, patients who have had broad spectrum antibiotics, ventilation equipment

54
Q

What is pseudomonas responsible for?

A

HAP
febrile neutropenia
skin and soft tissue infections
UTIs

55
Q

What is the mnemonic for remember of what to double cover

A 
SPACE
Serratia
Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Citrobacter
Enterobacter
56
Q

When is haemophilus more virulent?

A

Encapsulated (causes meningitis)

57
Q

when does hameophilus influenzae colonize the upper resp tract, causes otitis media, sinusitis, CAP?

A

no capsule

58
Q

What does the haemophilus influenzae vaccine target?

A

The capsulated form

59
Q

Who are the only natural host of neisseria menigitidis?

A

Humans

60
Q

What do anerboes colonize?

A

GI tract
vagina
intrabdominal infection

61
Q

What infections are anerboes associated with?

A

intraabdominal infection, aspiration pneumonia, endometritis, PID, diabetic lower extremity infections, dental carries, head and neck

62
Q

What are three atypical bacteria (not normal colonizers, not able to gram stain, multiply intracellularly)

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia
Legionella pneumophilia
Chlamydophila pneumoniae

63
Q

What can atypical bacteria result in?

A

CAP (community acquired pneumonia)

64
Q 
Which of the following do not cause CAP?
Viridans streptococcus
S. pneumoniae
Atypicals
H. influenzae
A

Viridans streptococcus

65
Q

What is the pneumonic that lets you know which bacteria have capsules?

A 
Even Some Super Kills Have Pretty Nice Capsules 
Escherichia Coli
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Salmonella
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis
Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast)
66
Q

What are found in streptococci group?

A

Group A strep

Virdans strep

67
Q

What is the most common type of enterococcus?

A

Faecalis

68
Q

What are 3 types of atypical bacteria?

A

Mycoplasma
chlamydia
legionella

69
Q

What are 3 types of anaerobes?

A

Bacteroides
Clostridia
Prevotella

70
Q

What two gram positive bacteria appear as chains of cocci?

A

Streptococcus pyrogens

Viridans Streptococcus

71
Q

What two types of gram positive bacteria appear as pairs of cocci?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Enterococcus spp.

72
Q

What two types of gram positive bacteria appear as clusters of cocci?

A

Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus (S. aureus)

Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus (S. epidermis)

73
Q

What two types of gram positive bacteria appear as bacilli?

A

Listeria

Lactobacillus

74
Q

What two types of gram negative bacteria appear as cocci?

A

Neisseria menigitidis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

75
Q

What six types of gram negative bacteria appear as bacilli?

A 
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella spp.
Enterobacter spp.
Proteus spp.
Serratia marcescens
Pseudomonas spp.
76
Q

What one type of bacteria appears as coccobacilli?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

77
Q

What are the three types of enterococcus (gram positive cocci)? What is the most common type?

A

faecalis- most common
faceium
durans

78
Q

Classify enterococcus

A

Gram positive cocci (pairs) aerobic

79
Q

Classify staphylococcus aureus

A

Gram positive cocci (aerobic)

appears in clusters

80
Q

What bacteria causes group A beta hemolytic strep?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

Gram positive cocci, chains

81
Q

What bacteria causes Group B beta hemolytic strep? Where does it often occur?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

Often in female genital tract

82
Q

What causes Group D beta hemolytic strep? (nonenterococci). Where is it found?

A

Streptococcus bovis

Found in lower GI

83
Q

Classify viridans streptococcus.

A

Gram positive cocci appear in chains

84
Q

Where does viridans streptococcus appear?

A

Mouth
Lower GI
Dental caries
Bacteremia/ endocarditis

85
Q

What type of alpha hemolytic strep is specifically resistant to penicillin?

A

S. mitis

86
Q

Classify streptococcus Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus).

A

Gram positive, cocci that appear in pairs

Aerobic

Pharm (29 decks)

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