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Pharm > Environmental Toxicity > Flashcards

Environmental Toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

What binds heme iron in hemoglobin 200-fold more strongly than O2

A

Carbon monoxide

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2
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin shifts dissociation curve for oxyhemoglobin _____.

A

Left, this impedes the dissociation of O2

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3
Q

What what level (percent) of COHb concentration will you have collapse and convulsions?

A

50-60%

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4
Q

At what level of COHb concentration will you have death?

A

70%

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5
Q

At what levels of COHb concentrations will you have severe headache, vomiting, visual disturbance?

A

30-40%

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6
Q

How does hyperbaric oxygen therapy help with carbon monoxide posioning?

A

Reduces the half life of COHb from 5 hours to 20 minutes

Protect against long term brain injury

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7
Q

What is found in fruits and leaves of the Prunus species (almonds, apricoits, cherries, peaches, and plums)? and some other plants, apples, cassava, elderberry, hydrangea and others?

A

Cyanide

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8
Q

What are some industrial uses for cyanide?

A

Gold and silver ore extraction, stainless steel manufacturing, and petroleum refining

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9
Q

What does cyanide form complexes with?

A

Cation-containing enzymes

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10
Q

What is the most significant rapid and irreversible binding of cyanide to?

A

Ferric ion (Fe 3+) contained in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase

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11
Q

When cyanide inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase the generation of what stops?

A

ATP, this leads to tissue anoxia

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12
Q

With cyanide poisoning there is an accumulation of ____ acid due to the cessation of aerobic metabolism.

A

Lactic

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13
Q

What are some initial symptoms of cyanide poisoning?

A 
Flushing
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Headache
Dizziness
N/V
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14
Q

What can happen with worsening toxicity w/ cyanide poisoning?

A 
Loss of consciousness
Coma
Hemodynamic comprimise
Arrythmias
Seizures
Apnea
Cardiac arrest
Death
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15
Q

Elevated oxygen where is often present in cyanide poisoning?

A

Venous blood

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16
Q

There is a serum lactate of > or = to _____ in cyanide poisoning.

A

10 mmol/ L

17
Q

What are the three steps to treat cyanide poisoning?

A

Decontamination
Stabilization
Antidote

18
Q

What is the antidote for cyanide poisoning?

A

Hydroxocobalamin

19
Q

Each molecule of Hydroxocobalamin binds one cyanide ion forming _________.

A

cyanocobalamin

20
Q

What type poisoning is at highest risk for young children and causes a disruption of the BBB?

A

Lead

21
Q

What does lead encephalopathy result in?

A

Lethargy, vomiting, irritability, and dizziness

can progress to altered mental status, coma, and death

22
Q

Lead toxicity interferes w/ the synthesis of ______

A

hemoglobin

23
Q

What are three chelators used to treat lead toxicity?

A

EDTA
DImercarprol (BAL)
Succimer

24
Q

What 2 chelators binds lead, arsenic, and mercury?

A

Dimercaprol (BAL)

Succimer

25
Q

What are 2 antidotes for iron toxicity?

A

Defuroxamine, Deferasirox

26
Q

What are 2 antidotes for Copper, used in Wilson’s disease.

A

Penicillamine

Trientine

27
Q

What are three common pesticides?

A

Parathion
Malathion
Diazinon

28
Q

What do pesticides do?

A

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase, producing acute muscarinic and nicotinic toxicity

29
Q

What are 2 treatments for pesticide toxicity?

A

Atropine and Pralidoxime

30
Q

Which pesticide treatment is a muscarinic antagonist?

A

Atropine

31
Q

What is the number for poison control?

A

1-800-222-1222

32
Q

What drug classes in toxic levels can lead to mydriasis?

A

Adrengeric agonists

Anticholinergics

33
Q

What drug classes in toxic levels can lead to miosis?

A

Sympatholytics

Cholinergics

34
Q

With what type poisonings will the patient have an almond smell?

A

Cyanide
Amygdalin
Apricot pits

35
Q

With what type poisoning will the patient have a fishy odor?

A

Zinc/aluminum phosphide

36
Q

What what poisonings will a patient have an acetone smell?

A

Ketosis
ethanol
isopropyl alcohol
salicylates

Pharm (29 decks)

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