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Kin 233 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Canadian version of indigenous?

A

Aboriginal

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2
Q

Are indigenous and aboriginal interchangeable terms?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What does aboriginal refer to?

A

First Nations, Metis, or Inuit

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4
Q

Why is aboriginal not preferred anymore?

A

It is attached to an offensive term, abnormal

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5
Q

What does aboriginal mean?

A

From the original inhabitants

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6
Q

What is pre-contact

A

indigenous societies prior to the arrival of European people.

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7
Q

What term is used worldwide

A

Indigenous

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8
Q

What term is used in the constitution

A

Aboriginal is the constitutional term

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9
Q

What did indigenous societies engage in with other groups?

A

Fought, traded, had treaties, and had governments

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10
Q

What were indigenous societies like 500 years ago

A

Many different societies, huge variety
Completely different sports
Complex structures, did not live in harmony, had laws, education

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11
Q

What were indigenous societies like 500 years ago

A

Many different societies, huge variety
Completely different sports
Complex structures, did not live in harmony, had laws, education

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12
Q

We’re al indigenous hunter gatherers

A

No
Tenochtitlan was largest city on earth
Broad generalizations do not apply to all

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13
Q

What were indigenous sports and what were they designed for

A

Gendered and designed to both educate, entertain, and in many cases fulfill diplomatic functions

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14
Q

What did boys games involve

A

Some version of running, fighting, tracking

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15
Q

What were boys games designed for

A

To help young indigenous boys with skills they needed when they go older, hunting and fighting

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16
Q

What did boys games prioritize

A

Strength, speed, and ability to withstand pain

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17
Q

Why was sport very violent by design for boys

A

So young boys were used to getting hurt and being in pain so they could deal with it and move on

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18
Q

What did girls games involve

A

Endurance, ability to carry heavy weights

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19
Q

Why did girls games prioritize endurance and carrying

A

Most indigenous societies were semi nomadic
Women carried the homes

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20
Q

Examples of girls games

A

Carrying bags or pots filled with heavy rocks

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21
Q

What was the idea behind these gendered sports

A

Educate children in things they need when older

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22
Q

In what ways was sport used diplomatically

A
  • could challenge each other to sporting competition in place of fight
  • also used to celebrate something, two nations could have sporting competition
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23
Q

Why use sport instead of war

A

Deliberate attempt to minimize potential casualties

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24
Q

What could be used as sport in place of war

A

Lacrosse, usually brutal but less death

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25
Q

Who primarily played lacrosse

A

Iroquois confederacy

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26
Q

Iroquois confederacy

A
  • confederacy of 5 nations, today 6
  • was and is one of longest continuous governments in world, almost 1000 years old
  • knowledge transfer has not been interrupted like in other places
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27
Q

Where was lacrosse played

A

Originated as Iroquois game
Played by many nations in central and eastern Canada

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28
Q

Why named lacrosse

A

Description by French
Top of stick looks like bishops staff, the cross

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29
Q

Would every game of lacrosse be the same?

A

Never quite the same but broadly looked the same
All early sports had no rules

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30
Q

Why do we know a lot about lacrosse

A

Nations on eastern side encountered Europeans much sooner and have written accounts about the game

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31
Q

What happened in 1492

A

Christopher Columbus found americas
Began a sustained connection between the hemispheres (americas and Asia, Africa, Europe)
Two nations become interconnected

32
Q

Why did sustained connection only start in 1492

A

Before that lots of intermediate connections
People coming to americas but always stopped (came and left)

33
Q

Who creates colonies in Americas

A

Spanish, Portuguese, British, French

34
Q

When did the Colombian exchange occur

A

When the 4 European nations started setting up colonies

35
Q

Colombian exchange

A

Arrival of disease
Each had host of things that didn’t exist in other place, food, animals, disease

36
Q

What was one reason European nations were able to make colonies

A

Effects of disease
Indigenous population plummeted
Wiped out 50-90%
Nations conquered, invaded and took over lands devastated by disease

37
Q

Did diseases go other way

A

Yes but weren’t as deadly

38
Q

When did they begin to set up colonies

A

Initial contact rarely went well but after 10-15 years started to create colonies after disease had wiped out indigenous

39
Q

Virgin soil epidemics

A

Diseases that hit a population that has never experienced that disease before
- before people have immunities
- with no immunity, disease can wreak havoc

40
Q

Examples of virgin soil epidemics

A

Black Death (killed 2/3 of European population)
Covid

41
Q

What is hypothesis for why diseases didn’t go other way

A

Only large domesticated animals in Americas were llamas and alpacas (mostly South America)
All domesticated animals were brought by Europeans
Indigenous had never lived side by side with animals

42
Q

Why would domesticated animals cause disease

A

Because disease goes from person to animal and can mutate in animal then goes back to human

43
Q

What kind of societies were most of these nations

A

Oral societies

44
Q

What is oral society

A

Oral transmission of information rather than written word
- elder today can tell something from 400 years ago same as something written down 400 years ago

45
Q

Why does oral transmission work very well

A

Memory
- when always using memory, can recall things exactly as it was told to them

46
Q

How do we know oral transmission is true

A

Test same way as test written testimony
Check evidence of battle, places, people

47
Q

When did courts test oral testimonies and allow oral testimony

A

1990s
Because of this much fuller history now

48
Q

When did courts allow oral testimony

A

1990s
Because of this much fuller history now

49
Q

Because of oral history, if elder dies before passing on info what happens

A

Information dies with them
Equivalent of burning a library

50
Q

What did disease of to indigenous history

A

Wiped out huge amounts
Not much info on indigenous sport

51
Q

If society managed to hold on to information what happened later on

A

Residential schools happened and once again transmission was interrupted
- elders couldn’t pass on information, children lost language
- this why many indigenous play european sports now

52
Q

Did residential schools hit every nation the same

A

No
- some were able to transmit better than others
- more in west then east

53
Q

Development of a linear society

A

Hunter gatherer, agricultural, industrial, service, informational
Stepping stones as society evolves

54
Q

What are western notions of societal development

A

Are linear
Have west at the front

55
Q

When does linear societal development become problematic

A

When accept liberal notions of progress as inherent good

56
Q

What is dominant ideology in Canada

A
  • liberalism
  • idea of individual, main idea is progress is good and going forward is better than standing still
57
Q

What is problem with liberalism and linear societal development

A
  • could be that progress is not always good
  • maybe certain things shouldn’t have been invented
  • saying societies that are not as advanced are less than us
  • saying those societies will evolve into the information level and become us
58
Q

What notion did the British fully embrace

A

Linear societal development
- looked at indigenous societies as behind them, not as good
- added a moral wrinkle

59
Q

what was the moral wrinkle for the British

A
  • moral imperative to help indigenous catch up to us
  • educate them and get them to where they are (residential schools)
  • applies to sport, indigenous sport was discouraged
60
Q

Who was firs to establish colonies in Americas

A

Spanish and Portuguese
- British and French were latecomers

61
Q

Where was there nothing left for British and French

A

Land in central and South America

62
Q

When did British and French colonize Canada

A

100 years after the Portuguese and Spanish

63
Q

What were British and French hoping to find

A

Cool stuff like gold and silver like down south
- profound disappointment happened at first and French could get people to stay
- initial colonies were not successful

64
Q

Where did British have success setting up

A

East coast of US

65
Q

Where were French communities

A

Small communities along st Lawrence

66
Q

What do British and French find in Canada

A

2 natural ressources, furs and fish
- mostly French because very few British in Canada

67
Q

What do the French do with the furs

A

Begin to extract, very popular item in Europe

68
Q

How do British get furs

A

Establish trading posts primarily in Hudson’s Bay Area and indigenous go to trading posts and trade fur for goods

69
Q

How would French get furs

A

French colonists would travel into the wilderness and collect furs then bring them back

70
Q

Coureurs de bois (runners of the woods)

A

Travelled among indigenous people, often intermarried, were usually independent operators and hard to control
- not popular amongst French authorities, enjoyed freedom

71
Q

What happens as fur trade shifts further west

A

Coureurs de bois have to travel further and further
Stop travelling individually and travel in groups

72
Q

Voyageurs

A

Groups off Coureurs de bois
- examples of bush masculinity
- travel great distances and developed unique culture

73
Q

Upper class masculinity

A

Opposite of work and physical exertion
Pride themselves on not having to work and exert themselves
- did not accept people that worked for their money

74
Q

Lower class masculinity

A

Lean into work, hard and physical labour

75
Q

Voyageurs bush masculinity

A
  • embraced endurance and strength
  • survive in wilderness and do the portages
  • singing songs as well
  • ability to sing for long periods of time and know lots of songs
76
Q

Why was singing important for voyageurs

A

Kept their pace when rowing

77
Q

Why was singing important for voyageurs

A

Kept their pace when rowing

Kin 233 (10 decks)

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