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Kin 233 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Canadian version of indigenous?

A

Aboriginal

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2
Q

Are indigenous and aboriginal interchangeable terms?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What does aboriginal refer to?

A

First Nations, Metis, or Inuit

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4
Q

Why is aboriginal not preferred anymore?

A

It is attached to an offensive term, abnormal

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5
Q

What does aboriginal mean?

A

From the original inhabitants

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6
Q

What is pre-contact

A

indigenous societies prior to the arrival of European people.

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7
Q

What term is used worldwide

A

Indigenous

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8
Q

What term is used in the constitution

A

Aboriginal is the constitutional term

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9
Q

What did indigenous societies engage in with other groups?

A

Fought, traded, had treaties, and had governments

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10
Q

What were indigenous societies like 500 years ago

A

Many different societies, huge variety
Completely different sports
Complex structures, did not live in harmony, had laws, education

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11
Q

What were indigenous societies like 500 years ago

A

Many different societies, huge variety
Completely different sports
Complex structures, did not live in harmony, had laws, education

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12
Q

We’re al indigenous hunter gatherers

A

No
Tenochtitlan was largest city on earth
Broad generalizations do not apply to all

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13
Q

What were indigenous sports and what were they designed for

A

Gendered and designed to both educate, entertain, and in many cases fulfill diplomatic functions

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14
Q

What did boys games involve

A

Some version of running, fighting, tracking

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15
Q

What were boys games designed for

A

To help young indigenous boys with skills they needed when they go older, hunting and fighting

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16
Q

What did boys games prioritize

A

Strength, speed, and ability to withstand pain

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17
Q

Why was sport very violent by design for boys

A

So young boys were used to getting hurt and being in pain so they could deal with it and move on

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18
Q

What did girls games involve

A

Endurance, ability to carry heavy weights

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19
Q

Why did girls games prioritize endurance and carrying

A

Most indigenous societies were semi nomadic
Women carried the homes

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20
Q

Examples of girls games

A

Carrying bags or pots filled with heavy rocks

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21
Q

What was the idea behind these gendered sports

A

Educate children in things they need when older

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22
Q

In what ways was sport used diplomatically

A
  • could challenge each other to sporting competition in place of fight
  • also used to celebrate something, two nations could have sporting competition
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23
Q

Why use sport instead of war

A

Deliberate attempt to minimize potential casualties

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24
Q

What could be used as sport in place of war

A

Lacrosse, usually brutal but less death

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25
Who primarily played lacrosse
Iroquois confederacy
26
Iroquois confederacy
- confederacy of 5 nations, today 6 - was and is one of longest continuous governments in world, almost 1000 years old - knowledge transfer has not been interrupted like in other places
27
Where was lacrosse played
Originated as Iroquois game Played by many nations in central and eastern Canada
28
Why named lacrosse
Description by French Top of stick looks like bishops staff, the cross
29
Would every game of lacrosse be the same?
Never quite the same but broadly looked the same All early sports had no rules
30
Why do we know a lot about lacrosse
Nations on eastern side encountered Europeans much sooner and have written accounts about the game
31
What happened in 1492
Christopher Columbus found americas Began a sustained connection between the hemispheres (americas and Asia, Africa, Europe) Two nations become interconnected
32
Why did sustained connection only start in 1492
Before that lots of intermediate connections People coming to americas but always stopped (came and left)
33
Who creates colonies in Americas
Spanish, Portuguese, British, French
34
When did the Colombian exchange occur
When the 4 European nations started setting up colonies
35
Colombian exchange
Arrival of disease Each had host of things that didn’t exist in other place, food, animals, disease
36
What was one reason European nations were able to make colonies
Effects of disease Indigenous population plummeted Wiped out 50-90% Nations conquered, invaded and took over lands devastated by disease
37
Did diseases go other way
Yes but weren’t as deadly
38
When did they begin to set up colonies
Initial contact rarely went well but after 10-15 years started to create colonies after disease had wiped out indigenous
39
Virgin soil epidemics
Diseases that hit a population that has never experienced that disease before - before people have immunities - with no immunity, disease can wreak havoc
40
Examples of virgin soil epidemics
Black Death (killed 2/3 of European population) Covid
41
What is hypothesis for why diseases didn’t go other way
Only large domesticated animals in Americas were llamas and alpacas (mostly South America) All domesticated animals were brought by Europeans Indigenous had never lived side by side with animals
42
Why would domesticated animals cause disease
Because disease goes from person to animal and can mutate in animal then goes back to human
43
What kind of societies were most of these nations
Oral societies
44
What is oral society
Oral transmission of information rather than written word - elder today can tell something from 400 years ago same as something written down 400 years ago
45
Why does oral transmission work very well
Memory - when always using memory, can recall things exactly as it was told to them
46
How do we know oral transmission is true
Test same way as test written testimony Check evidence of battle, places, people
47
When did courts test oral testimonies and allow oral testimony
1990s Because of this much fuller history now
48
When did courts allow oral testimony
1990s Because of this much fuller history now
49
Because of oral history, if elder dies before passing on info what happens
Information dies with them Equivalent of burning a library
50
What did disease of to indigenous history
Wiped out huge amounts Not much info on indigenous sport
51
If society managed to hold on to information what happened later on
Residential schools happened and once again transmission was interrupted - elders couldn’t pass on information, children lost language - this why many indigenous play european sports now
52
Did residential schools hit every nation the same
No - some were able to transmit better than others - more in west then east
53
Development of a linear society
Hunter gatherer, agricultural, industrial, service, informational Stepping stones as society evolves
54
What are western notions of societal development
Are linear Have west at the front
55
When does linear societal development become problematic
When accept liberal notions of progress as inherent good
56
What is dominant ideology in Canada
- liberalism - idea of individual, main idea is progress is good and going forward is better than standing still
57
What is problem with liberalism and linear societal development
- could be that progress is not always good - maybe certain things shouldn’t have been invented - saying societies that are not as advanced are less than us - saying those societies will evolve into the information level and become us
58
What notion did the British fully embrace
Linear societal development - looked at indigenous societies as behind them, not as good - added a moral wrinkle
59
what was the moral wrinkle for the British
- moral imperative to help indigenous catch up to us - educate them and get them to where they are (residential schools) - applies to sport, indigenous sport was discouraged
60
Who was firs to establish colonies in Americas
Spanish and Portuguese - British and French were latecomers
61
Where was there nothing left for British and French
Land in central and South America
62
When did British and French colonize Canada
100 years after the Portuguese and Spanish
63
What were British and French hoping to find
Cool stuff like gold and silver like down south - profound disappointment happened at first and French could get people to stay - initial colonies were not successful
64
Where did British have success setting up
East coast of US
65
Where were French communities
Small communities along st Lawrence
66
What do British and French find in Canada
2 natural ressources, furs and fish - mostly French because very few British in Canada
67
What do the French do with the furs
Begin to extract, very popular item in Europe
68
How do British get furs
Establish trading posts primarily in Hudson’s Bay Area and indigenous go to trading posts and trade fur for goods
69
How would French get furs
French colonists would travel into the wilderness and collect furs then bring them back
70
Coureurs de bois (runners of the woods)
Travelled among indigenous people, often intermarried, were usually independent operators and hard to control - not popular amongst French authorities, enjoyed freedom
71
What happens as fur trade shifts further west
Coureurs de bois have to travel further and further Stop travelling individually and travel in groups
72
Voyageurs
Groups off Coureurs de bois - examples of bush masculinity - travel great distances and developed unique culture
73
Upper class masculinity
Opposite of work and physical exertion Pride themselves on not having to work and exert themselves - did not accept people that worked for their money
74
Lower class masculinity
Lean into work, hard and physical labour
75
Voyageurs bush masculinity
- embraced endurance and strength - survive in wilderness and do the portages - singing songs as well - ability to sing for long periods of time and know lots of songs
76
Why was singing important for voyageurs
Kept their pace when rowing
77
Why was singing important for voyageurs
Kept their pace when rowing

Kin 233 (10 decks)

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