Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is human Biology
The study of anatomy physiology development of the human body and biotic and a biotic factors that influence the well-being of the body
Short note on Gross Anatomy
Examination of relatively large structures of features that are visible under an unaided eye it is divided into
regional anatomy
systematic anatomy
clinical anatomy surface anatomy
Short notes on developmental anatomy
Changes in form that occur from fertilisation to physical maturity and death
Divided into embryology
Short notes on microscopic anatomy
The study of features that cannot be seen without a magnet or a light microscope 
Divided into histology and cytology
Regional anatomy
Each region of the body is studied separately and all aspects of that region are I studied at the same time
Systemic anatomy
Each system of the body is studied and followed through out the entire body
examples of this would be your cardiovascular system nervous system digestive system
Clinical anatomy
Application of anatomical knowledge to clinical problem-solving and clinical practice
Example radiographic anatomy
Surface anatomy
Surface marking End of their relation to deeper surfaces
Embryology
Study of development during the first eight weeks after fertilisation
cytology
Study of internal structures of individual cells the simplest building blocks of life
histology
Study of Tissues
Four types of tissues
Epithelial tissue which covers the body surfaces line cavities and forms glands
Connective tissue: It’s good to support and binds organs stores energy reserves
Muscular tissue: Active generation of force to produce movement
Nervous tissue: Initiate transmits and interprets nerve impulses the coordinates body activity 
Cell physiology 
Study of chemical processes within cells and interactions between cells

Organ Physiology
Study of functions of specific organs 
Systemic physiology
Study of functioning of organ systems

Pathological physiology
Study of the effect of diseases on organs organ system function
Six levels of organisation
Chemical level
cellular level
Tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organism level
Chemical level
Atoms and molecules

Cellular level
Calls from organelles which are components of cells which are the smallest units in the body
Tissue level
Groups of cells with similar functions
Organ level 
Combination of two or more tissues
Organ system level 
Group of organs interacting to perform particular functions
Organism level 
individual highest level
all organs work together to maintain health and life of organism
The 11 organ systems in the body
Integumentary
Skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive system
System for protection, support and movement
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
For internal communication and integration
Nervous
Endocrine
System for fluid transport
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
System of intake and output
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
System of reproduction
Reproductive system
Function of the integumentary system
(Skin, sweat glands, nails, hair)
Provides protection against environmental hazards
helps regulate blood temperature
provides sensory information
Function of the skeletal system
Bones cartilage
associated ligaments
bone
marrow
Provides support and protection for other tissues
stores calcium and other minerals
forms blood cells
Function of the Muscular system
Provides movement
provides protection and support for other tissues
generate heat that maintains body temperature
Function of the nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral
Sense organs
Direct immediate responses to stimuli
Coordinate activities of other organ systems
Provides interpret sensory information about external conditions
Functions of endocrine system 
Direct long-term changes in other activities of the organ systems
Adjust metabolic activity and energy use of the body
Controls many structural and functional changes during development 
Function of the cardiovascular system
Distributes blood cells water and dissolves minerals
Distributes heat and assists in control of the body temperature

Functions of the lymphatic system
Defence against infection and disease
returns tissue fluid to the blood stream 
Functions of the respiratory system
Delivers air to alveoli
Provides oxygen to bloodstream
Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
Produces sounds for communication
Functions of the digestive system
Process and digests food
Absorbs and conserves water
Absorbs nutrients
Stores energy reserves
Functions of the urinary
Excretes waste products from the blood
Controls water balance by regulating volume of Urine produced
Stores urine prior to voluntary
Regulates blood ion concentration and PH
Anomalies…
Vary in severity from relativity harmless to life threatening
