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Anatomy I > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A state of equilibrium; maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

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2
Q

Examples of homeostasis

A

-body temperature
-blood levels of calcium, sodium, glucose, etc
-blood pressure
-water balance/hydration

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3
Q

What are the components of a control mechanism?

A
  1. receptor
  2. control center
  3. effector
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4
Q

What does the receptor do?

A

The receptor is the sensor, which monitors the environment and responds to stimuli

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5
Q

What does the control center do?

A

The control center determines a set point at which variable is maintained, and receives input from the receptor. From there it determines appropriate response.

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6
Q

What does the effector do?

A

The effector receives output from the control center and provides the mean to respond.

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7
Q

What is the order of the control system?

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptor
  3. input
  4. output
  5. response
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8
Q

What does the stimulus do?

A

produces change in variable

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9
Q

What does the receptor do?

A

detects change

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10
Q

What is the input?

A

information sent along afferent pathway to control center

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11
Q

What is the output?

A

information sent along efferent pathway to effector

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12
Q

What is the response?

A

The response of the effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level

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13
Q

Negative feedback

A

reduces or shuts off original stimulus; variable changes in opposite direction of initial change

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14
Q

Positive feedback

A

increases original stimulus if negative feedback is overwhelmed

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15
Q

Ventral

A

toward or at the front of the body

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16
Q

Dorsal

A

toward or at the back of the body

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17
Q

Intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

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18
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body

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19
Q

Distal

A

farther from the origin of the body

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20
Q

The lungs are ____ to the skin.

A

deep

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21
Q

The elbow is ________ to the wrist.

A

proximal

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22
Q

The skin is ___________ to the skeletal muscles.

A

superficial

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23
Q

The knee is ______ to the thigh.

A

distal

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24
Q

The heart is ______ to the arm.

A

medial

25
Q

The arms are _______ to the chest.

A

lateral

26
Q

The collarbone is ____________ between the breastbone and shoulder.

A

intermediate

27
Q

The head is ________ to the abdomen.

A

superior

28
Q

The heart is _________ to the breastbone.

A

posterior

29
Q

The navel is ________ to the chin.

A

inferior

30
Q

The breastbone is ________ to the spine.

A

anterior

31
Q

Axial consists of

A

head, neck, and trunk

32
Q

Appendicular consists of

A

limbs

33
Q

Frontal plane

A

divides body front and back

34
Q

Median plane(midsagittal)

A

divides body equally left and right

35
Q

Transverse plane

A

divides body superiorly and inferiorly

36
Q

The cranial cavity encases

A

the brain

37
Q

The vertebral cavity encases

A

the spinal cord

38
Q

The ventral body cavity consists of what cavities

A

the thoracic cavity
the abdominopelvic cavity

39
Q

Membranes in ventral body cavity

A

parietal serosa
visceral serosa

40
Q

The parietal serosa…

A

lines the internal body cavity

41
Q

The visceral serosa…

A

covers the internal organs

42
Q

Pericardium is

A

heart

43
Q

Pleurae is

A

lungs

44
Q

Peritoneum is

A

abdominopelvic cavity

45
Q

Types of energy

A

kinetic and potential

46
Q

Chemical energy

A

stored in bonds of chemical substances

47
Q

Electrical energy

A

results from movement of charged particles

48
Q

Mechanical energy

A

directly involved in moving matter

49
Q

Radiant or electromagnetic energy

A

travels in waves(ex. visible light, UV light)

50
Q

Muscle and nerve require a lot of ATP so they need a lot of

A

Oxygen and Glucose

51
Q

What are the four elements that make up 96.1% of body mass?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

52
Q

Atoms are composed of

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

53
Q

Protons and neutrons are found in

A

the nucleus

54
Q

Electrons are found in

A

the electron cloud orbiting the nucleus

55
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

the number of protons in the nucleus; written as subscript to left of atomic symbol

56
Q

What is the mass number?

A

total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

57
Q

What are isotopes?

A

structural variations of atoms

58
Q

How do you get the atomic weight?

A

average mass of numbers of all isotopes of an atom

Anatomy I (18 decks)

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