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Anatomy I > Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

surrounds the muscle; “overcoat” of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle

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2
Q

What are fascicles?

A

grouped muscle fibers; resemble bundle of sticks

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3
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds each layer of the fascicle

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4
Q

What is insertion?

A

movable bone

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5
Q

What is origin?

A

the less movable bone

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6
Q

What are the three basic types of muscle tissue? Which are voluntary and involuntary?

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac; skeletal is voluntary, smooth and cardiac are involuntary

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7
Q

How do actin and myosin interact?

A

myosin and actin drive skeletal muscle contraction; myosin binds to actin to contract muscle

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8
Q

Why is calcium important?

A

Calcium binds to troponin to change shape and remove tropomyosin; Ca provides the final “go signal” for contraction

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9
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

plasma membrane of the muscle fiber

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10
Q

Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.

A

states that during the contraction, the thin filaments slide past the thick ones so that the actin and myosin filaments overlap to a greater degree

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11
Q

How are muscle fibers stimulated to contract?

A

an action potential travels along the nerve, down the sarcolemma, through its t tubules, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca to to bind to troponin

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12
Q

Describe the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction.

A

-the motor neuron releases ACh that stimulates the skeletal muscle fiber, causing a local depolarization
-muscle fiber excitation; EPP triggers an action potential that travels across sarcolemma
-excitation contraction coupling; AP in sarcolemma propogates along the t tubules and causes release of Ca from terminal cisterns of the SR.
-cross bridge cycling; muscle contracts as a result of a repeating cycle of steps that cause myofilaments to slide relative to each other

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13
Q

What does ACh do?

A

binds to receptor proteins on the sarcolemma and triggers an action potential

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14
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase do?

A

breaks down ACh

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15
Q

What is the difference between oxidative slow twitch muscle fibers and glycolytic muscle fibers?

A

Oxidative slow twitch muscle fibers are for low intensity long lasting muscle contractions. Glycolytic muscle fibers are best suited for short term rapid intense movements

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16
Q

Why are gap junctions important for smooth muscle?

A

gap junctions are communicating junctions between adjacent cells. In smooth muscle, they coordinate changes in both membrane potential and intracellular Ca between adjacent smooth muscle cells

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17
Q

What protein binds calcium in smooth muscle?

A

calmodulin

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18
Q

What are the structural divisions of the nervous system?

A

-central nervous system(brain & spinal cord); the control center of the nervous system
-peripheral nervous system(nerves that branch off and extend throughout the body); they carry impulses to and from the brain

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19
Q

What is the afferent pathway?

A

information traveling across the afferent pathway approaches the control center

20
Q

Efferent pathway

A

output flows from the control center along the efferent pathway to the third component

21
Q

What are the types of neuroglia in the CNS?

A

-astrocytes
-microglial cells
-ependymal cells
-oligodendrocytes

22
Q

What are the types of neuroglia in the PNS?

A

-satellite cells
-schwann cells

23
Q

Astrocytes

A

most abundant and versatile glial cells; support and brace neurons and anchor them to their nutrient supply lines

24
Q

Microglial cells

A

small and ovoid with relatively long thorny processes; processes touch nearby neurons, monitoring their health and migrate towards neurons that are injured

25
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

many are ciliated; line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord to form a fairly permeable barrier

26
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

line up along the thicker nerve fibers in the CNS and wrap their processes tightly around the fibers, producing and insulating covering called myelin sheath

27
Q

Satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system

28
Q

Schwann cells

A

surround all nerve fibers in the PNS and form myelin sheath around the thicker nerve fibers

29
Q

What neuroglia makes myelin in the CNS?

A

the oligodendrocytes

30
Q

What neuroglia makes myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

31
Q

Explain the importance of the myelin sheath

A

the myelin sheath protects and electrically insulates fibers; also increases the transmission speed of nerve impulses

32
Q

How is the myelin sheath formed in the PNS?

A

formed by Schwann cells, which indent to receive an axon and then wrap themselves around it in a jelly roll fashion; form only one segment of a myelin sheath

33
Q

How is the myelin sheath formed in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes form the CNS; they have multiple flat processes that can coil around as many as 60 axons at the same time

34
Q

What is a synapse?

A

a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next, or from a neuron to an effector cell, it is where the action begins

35
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other?

A

through the neuromuscular junctions(I think)

36
Q

Sensory/afferent neurons

A

transmit info from sensory receptors to CNS; typically unipolar

37
Q

Motor/efferent neurons

A

transmit from CNS to muscle/glands; all multipolar

38
Q

Interneurons

A

sit between and help shuttle signals around; typically multipolar and very common in CNS

39
Q

ATP is required for the myosin head to _____ from actin.

A

release

40
Q

ADP+P is released from the myosin head, resulting in the

A

power stroke

41
Q

What neurotransmitter is used at the neuromuscular junction to send a signal from the motor neuron to the skeletal muscle

A

acetylcholine

42
Q

What occurs during muscle relaxation?

A

ATP binds to the myosin head
the troponin-tropomyosin complex covers the myosin binding sites

43
Q

membrane potential chart

A
  1. resting potential
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
  4. hyperpolarization
44
Q

Describe the resting membrane potential

A

-more sodium outside the cell
-more potassium inside the cell
-ACh binding

45
Q

Describe depolarization

A

-sodium goes into the cell
-voltage gated channels open
-action potential

46
Q

Describe repolarization

A

-Na channels close and K channels open
-negative charge restored in cell

47
Q

Describe hyperpolarization

A

-further efflux of potassium
-redistribution of ions and resting potential restored

Anatomy I (18 decks)

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