Lab Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle is _______ and ________.

A

voluntary; striated

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2
Q

Cardiac muscle is _______ , _______, and has _______ _________.

A

striated, involuntary, intercalated discs

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3
Q

Smooth muscle has _______ and ________.

A

no striations, involuntary control

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4
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found?

A

skeletal muscle attached to bone

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5
Q

Where is cardiac muscle located?

A

walls of the heart

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6
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

walls of hollow organs

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7
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

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8
Q

muscle fiber = ?

A

muscle cell

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9
Q

muscle cell = ?

A

muscle fiber

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10
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

the functional unit of muscle fibers; is the contractile unit; space between the two z lines

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11
Q

What is the banding pattern?

A

light and dark bands are created by the arrangement of myofilaments

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12
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

thick(myosin) filaments and thin(actin) filaments in the sarcomeres

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13
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

thin connective tissue covering each muscle fiber

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14
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

fibrous membrane covering bundles of muscle fibers creating a fascicle; bundle of muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue

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15
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

fibrous connective tissue surrounding many fascicles creating a skeletal muscle; basically the outer covering of the entire skeletal muscle; blend into strong cordlike tendons or into sheetlike aponeurosis

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16
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part is moves

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17
Q

What is a tendon?

A

cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone

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18
Q

What is fascia?

A

layers of fibrous tissue covering and separating muscles

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19
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction(aka myoneural junction)

A

where the neuron and the muscle fiber interact; the motor axons of the neurons branch into axon terminals

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20
Q

What is a neuron?

A

a nerve cell

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21
Q

What is a muscle fiber?

A

muscle cell

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22
Q

What is an axon?

A

part of the neuron that goes away from the cell body

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23
Q

What is a motor unit, and what does it consist of?

A

a neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates; consists of synaptic cleft gap between the axon terminal of the neuron and the sarcolemma; axon terminals contain vesicles which have ACh

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24
Q

What is a prime mover or agonist?

A

muscles that are responsible for producing a particular movement

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25
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

muscles that oppose or reserve a movement
ex: tricep would be the antagonist when flexing bicep

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26
Q

What is a synergist?

A

muscles that aid the action of the agonists by reducing undesirable movement

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27
Q

What are fixators or fixation muscles?

A

specialized synergists that immobilize the origin of the prime mover so that all tension is exerted at the insertion
Ex: the rotator cuff is a fixator in a bicep curl

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28
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

long parallel muscle fibers that run parallel to each other

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29
Q

What is actin?

A

thin contractile protein; is bound by myosin to contract muscle

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30
Q

What is myosin?

A

thick contractile protein; binds to actin to contract muscle

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31
Q

What is a transverse tubule?

A

an indentation of the sarcolemma into the muscle cell at each junction of the A and I bands

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32
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

the endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cells

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33
Q

What are the terminal cisterns?

A

cross channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

the junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

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35
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

a small fluid filled gap that separates the neuron and muscle fiber

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36
Q

What is an axon terminal?

A

a region at the end of each axon branch that is specialized to release packets of chemical neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles

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37
Q

What are synaptic vesicles?

A

small intracellular membrane bound vesicles

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38
Q

Describe acetylcholine.

A

ACh is a neurotransmitter that is released via exocytosis when Ca channels open. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and combines with the receptors on the sarcolemma

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39
Q

What are the two principal cell populations of the nervous system?

A

neurons and neuroglia/glial cells

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40
Q

Describe neurons

A

structural units that are highly specialized to transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

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41
Q

Describe neuroglia/glial cells

A

they branch and protect neurons

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42
Q

List the neuroglia found in the CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, & ependymal cells

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43
Q

List the neuroglia found in the PNS

A

Schwann and satellite cells

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44
Q

Define neurofibrils

A

cytoskeletal elements

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45
Q

Define chromatoophilic substances

A

aka the nissil bodies; are rough ER involved in metabolic activities of the cell

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46
Q

What are the two cell body clusters?

A

nuclei and ganglia

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47
Q

Define nuclei

A

a cluster of neuron cell bodies found within the CNS

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48
Q

Define ganglia

A

a cluster of neuron cell bodies found outside the CNS; both the nuclei and ganglia make up gray matter

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49
Q

What are tracts

A

neuron fibers running through the CNS

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50
Q

What are nerves

A

neuron fibers running through the PNS

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51
Q

What are the two types of neuron processes?

A

dendrites and axons

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52
Q

Define dendrites

A

the receptive regions that bear neurotransmitter receptors

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53
Q

Define axons

A

generate and conduct impulses

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54
Q

What are collaterals?

A

branches of axons

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55
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

initial axon segment found beside the cell body

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56
Q

What are axon terminals?

A

the ends of axons which form synaptic clefts with other neurons or effector cells

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57
Q

What is myelin?

A

fatty material that wraps most long nerves

58
Q

What is the neurilemma?

A

the exposed plasma membrane of the Schwann cell

59
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

the gaps in the myelin sheath

60
Q

Axons in the CNS are wrapped by __________?

A

oligodendrocytes

61
Q

Axons in the PNS are wrapped by _______ _____?

A

Schwann cells

62
Q

Describe unipolar neurons

A

one very short process that extends from the cell body, most neurons conducting impulses to the CNS are unipolar

63
Q

Describe bipolar neurons

A

two processes attached to the cell body, found in the eye, ear, and olfactory mucosa

64
Q

Describe multipolar neurons

A

many processes from the cell body, most neurons in the brain and spinal cord

65
Q

Describe sensory or afferent neurons

A

carry impulses from sensory receptors in the internal organs only toward CNS

66
Q

Describe motor or efferent neurons

A

carry impulses from the CNS to the internal organs, muscles, or glands

67
Q

Describe association neurons or interneurons

A

situated between and contribute to pathways that connect sensory and motor neurons

68
Q

Describe mixed nerves

A

carry both sensory and motor processes; most nerves in the body

69
Q

Each nerve fiber is surrounded by _________, a delicate connective tissue sheath.

A

endoneurium

70
Q

Bundles of fibers are bound by _________, a coarser connective tissue.

A

perineurium

71
Q

Bundles of fascicles are bounded by _________, a white fibrous connective tissue.

A

epineurium

72
Q

Describe the autonomic(visceral) reflexes

A

-are mediated through the Autonomic Nervous System
-the activation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
-regulate body functions such as digestion, elimination, blood pressure, salivation, and sweating

73
Q

Describe the somatic reflexes

A

involve stimulation of skeletal muscles by the somatic division of the nervous system

74
Q

Describe the Reflex Arc Components

A
  1. Receptor- the site of stimulus action
  2. Sensory neuron- transmits afferent impulses to the CNS
  3. Integration center- consist of one or more neurons
  4. Motor neuron- conducts efferent impulses from the integration center
  5. Effector- responds to efferent impulses
75
Q

What is monosynaptic?

A

a simple two neurons reflex arc that occurs in a simple patellar or knee jerk reflex

76
Q

What is polysnaptic?

A

involves the participation of one or more interneurons in the reflex arc pathway such as the 3-neuron reflex arc

77
Q

What are the three spinal reflexes?

A
  1. stretch reflexes
  2. crossed extensor reflex
  3. superficial cord reflexes
78
Q

Describe the stretch reflex

A

-maintain posture, balance, and allow locomotion
-stretching of the muscle by tapping its tendon causes the muscle to respond by contracting
-coma patients do not show stretch reflexes

79
Q

Give two examples of stretch reflexes

A
  1. patellar reflex(hit patellar reflex w/ reflex hammer)
  2. Achilles reflex(hit Achilles tendon with reflex hammer)
80
Q

Describe the crossed extensor reflex

A

-more complicated than stretch reflex
-flexor reflex followed by extensor reflex in the opposite limb(ex: someone grabs your right arm, you pull it away and push w/ your left)
-very difficult to produce in the lab bc it is inhibited when expected

81
Q

Describe the superficial cord reflex

A

-reflex reaction to pain and temp. changes

82
Q

What reflex is tested in regard to the superficial cord reflexes, and how is it tested?

A

the plantar reflex; tested by using a moderately sharp object and stroking the lateral border of the sole of the foot starting at the heel and moving toward the big toe across the ball of foot

83
Q

What are the two cranial nerve reflexes?

A
  1. corneal reflex
  2. gag reflex
84
Q

Describe the corneal reflex

A

blinking of the eyelids in response to something touching the cornea

85
Q

Describe the gag reflex

A

gagging in response to touching the roof of the mouth

86
Q

Describe the parts of the pupillary reflexes

A

-receptor: retina of the eye
-sensory(afferent) neuron: optic nerve
-motor(efferent) neuron: oculomotor nerve
-effector: smooth muscle of the iris of the eye

-narrowing or dilating of the pupil in response to changes in light

87
Q

What is the ciliospinal reflex

A

change in pupil size in response to being touched on the neck

88
Q

What is the salivary reflex

A

production of saliva in response to change of pH

89
Q

Describe the Central Nervous System

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord, which interprets incoming sensory information and issue instruction based on past experience

90
Q

Describe the Peripheral Nervous System

A

consist of cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors

91
Q

What two divisions are in the PNS

A

sensory(afferent) division & motor(efferent) division

92
Q

Describe the sensory/afferent division

A

consists of somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers, which conduct impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors

93
Q

Describe the motor/efferent division

A

consists of motor nerve fibers, which conducts impulses from the CNS to effector organs

94
Q

Describe the somatic(voluntary) nervous system

A

consists of somatic motor nerve fibers which conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

95
Q

Describe the autonomic(involuntary) nervous system

A

consists of visceral motor nerve fibers, which conducts impulse form the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands

96
Q

Name the two divisions within the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

97
Q

Describe the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A

mobilizes the body systems during emergency, referred as “fight or flight”

98
Q

Describe the parasympathetic division

A

conserves energy and promotes non-emergency functions, referred to as “rest and digest”

99
Q

Describe gyri

A

elevated ridges of brain tissue

100
Q

Describe sulci

A

shallow grooves in brain tissue

101
Q

Describe fissures

A

deep grooves in the brain tissue

102
Q

The cerebral hemispheres are divides by the _______ _______.

A

longitudinal fissure

103
Q

The _____ ____ and ______ _______ are divided by the central sulcus

A

parietal lobes; frontal lobes

104
Q

The lateral sulcus separates the ______ _____ and ______ _____.

A

temporal lobe; parietal lobe

105
Q

The occipital and parietal lobes are divided by the __________ ______.

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

106
Q

Forebrain or prosencephalon which becomes _______ and ___________ in an adult.

A

cerebrum; diencephalon

107
Q

Midbrain or mesencephalon which becomes the ________ in an adult

A

midbrain

108
Q

Hindbrain or rhombencephalon which becomes the _____, _________, and _________ ________ in an adult.

A

pons; cerebellum; medulla oblongata

109
Q

embryonic development the CNS forms the ______ _____ which becomes three major regions, which are ______, ______, _______

A

neural tube; forebrain; midbrain; hindbrain

110
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex do?

A

receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors

111
Q

What does the somatosensory association area do?

A

analyzes the incoming impulses

112
Q

Where is the primary motor area and what is it responsible for

A

The primary motor area located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and is responsible for voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles

113
Q

Where is Broca’s area found and what is it responsible for?

A

Broca’s area is found in the precentral gyrus of the left hemisphere and is responsible for articulating words

114
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area found and what is it responsible for?

A

Wernicke’s area is found in the junction of the parietal and temporal lobe and is responsible for sounding out words

115
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

fiber tracts connecting the pons to the cerebellum

116
Q

What is the pons?

A

consists of motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting the brain with lower CNS

117
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

houses the vital autonomic centers maintaining homeostasis

118
Q

What are the structures of the cerebellum?

A

corpora quadrigemina, superior colliculi, and inferior colliculi

119
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

major commissure connecting the cerebral hemispheres

120
Q

What is the fornix?

A

a band-like fiber tract concerned with olfaction

121
Q

What is the septum pellucidum?

A

separates the lateral ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres

122
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

two large lobes of gray matter that laterally enclose the third ventricle

123
Q

What is intermediate mass?

A

connects the two thalamic lobes and bridges the ventricle

124
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

the floor and inferolateral wall of the third ventricle; important autonomic center involved in homeostatic balance

125
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

a slender stalk that connects the pineal body to the hypothalamus

126
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

neuroendocrine structure

127
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

slender canal that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

128
Q

What is the vermis?

A

a midline lobe of the cerebellum?

129
Q

What is the arbor vitae?

A

a treelike branching of white matter within the cerebellum, known as the “tree of life”

130
Q

Describe the meninges

A

three layers of connective tissue membranes that enclose and protect the brain and spinal cord

131
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

the outermost menix composed of two leathery layers, the periosteal and meningeal

132
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

web-like middle menix that is partially separated from the dura mater by the subdural space

133
Q

What is the Pia mater?

A

the innermost highly vascular menix that clings to the surface of the brain

134
Q

Meningitis is the

A

inflammation of the meninges

135
Q

Inflammation of the brain tissue is

A

encephalitis

136
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)?

A

a watery plasma like composition that constantly circulates around the brain to form a cushion that protects the brain tissue

137
Q

CSF is constantly being formed in the ______ ______.

A

choroid plexus

138
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

small capillary knots hanging from the roofs of the ventricles

139
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

the accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid causing the gradual enlargement of an infant’s skull

140
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

141
Q

Describe referred pain

A

sensory experience where you feel pain in one area, while it is actually occurring in another area

142
Q

What test is used to test for nystagmus?

A

Barany test