Final Exam Study Guide

Question 1

What are the four main building blocks that compose a cell?

Answer 1

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins(do the work)
4. nucleic acids

Question 2

Where is DNA stored?

Answer 2

within the cell’s nucleus

Question 3

What is the definition of a gene?

Answer 3

a sequence of DNA that encodes a protein

Question 4

Proteins are:

Answer 4

chains of amino acids

Question 5

1 mole = ?

Answer 5

6.02 x 10^23

Question 6

What is homeostasis?

Answer 6

consistent internal conditions even though external environment is constantly changing

Question 7

How is blood calcium regulated?

Answer 7

-if blood Ca is low, parathyroid glands sense it and secrete PTH
-PTH activates osteoclasts(degrade bone)
-osteoclasts degrade bone for Ca
-blood Ca then increases

Question 8

What is pH?

Answer 8

acidity; proton concentration

Question 9

Substance with a pH of 7 would be:

Answer 9

neutral

Question 10

Substance with a pH of 8 or above is:

Answer 10

basic

Question 11

Substance with a pH of 6 or below is:

Answer 11

acidic

Question 12

Acids are:

Answer 12

proton donors

Question 13

How are osteoblasts and osteoclasts different?

Answer 13

osteoblasts build bone, while osteoclasts chew up bone(resorption); osteoclasts also respond to low blood Ca+

Question 14

Why is Ca+ important in muscle contraction?

Answer 14

when released, it binds to troponin, changing its shape, which moves tropomyosin, allowing actin and myosin to contract; it is the “go signal” for muscle contraction

Question 15

Which types of muscle require Ca+?

Answer 15

skeletal and cardiac muscle; still important in smooth muscle, but calmodulin is more important for smooth muscle contraction

Question 16

What are the agonist and antagonist of a bicep curl?

Answer 16

agonist: biceps brachii
antagonist: triceps brachii

Question 17

What are the agonist and antagonist of a tricep extension?

Answer 17

agonist: triceps brachii
antagonist: biceps brachii

Question 18

What are the agonist and antagonist of a hamstring curl?

Answer 18

agonist: hamstring
antagonist: quadriceps

Question 19

What are the agonist and antagonist of a leg extension?

Answer 19

agonist: quadriceps
antagonist: hamstrings

Question 20

List the five components of the reflex arc.

Answer 20

1. receptor
2. afferent pathway
3. integration center
4. efferent pathway
5. effector

Question 21

What determines whether an action potential is generated or not?

Answer 21

if graded potentials shift the membrane potential past threshold(-55mV)

Question 22

Where does calcium come from?

Answer 22

bones

Question 23

Calcium is used throughout the body for its needs(ie: pumping heart etc), so if there is a lack of Ca…

Answer 23

the body will take it from the bones