Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
What are the four main building blocks that compose a cell?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins(do the work)
- nucleic acids
Where is DNA stored?
within the cell’s nucleus
What is the definition of a gene?
a sequence of DNA that encodes a protein
Proteins are:
chains of amino acids
1 mole = ?
6.02 x 10^23
What is homeostasis?
consistent internal conditions even though external environment is constantly changing
How is blood calcium regulated?
-if blood Ca is low, parathyroid glands sense it and secrete PTH
-PTH activates osteoclasts(degrade bone)
-osteoclasts degrade bone for Ca
-blood Ca then increases
What is pH?
acidity; proton concentration
Substance with a pH of 7 would be:
neutral
Substance with a pH of 8 or above is:
basic
Substance with a pH of 6 or below is:
acidic
Acids are:
proton donors
How are osteoblasts and osteoclasts different?
osteoblasts build bone, while osteoclasts chew up bone(resorption); osteoclasts also respond to low blood Ca+
Why is Ca+ important in muscle contraction?
when released, it binds to troponin, changing its shape, which moves tropomyosin, allowing actin and myosin to contract; it is the “go signal” for muscle contraction
Which types of muscle require Ca+?
skeletal and cardiac muscle; still important in smooth muscle, but calmodulin is more important for smooth muscle contraction
What are the agonist and antagonist of a bicep curl?
agonist: biceps brachii
antagonist: triceps brachii
What are the agonist and antagonist of a tricep extension?
agonist: triceps brachii
antagonist: biceps brachii
What are the agonist and antagonist of a hamstring curl?
agonist: hamstring
antagonist: quadriceps
What are the agonist and antagonist of a leg extension?
agonist: quadriceps
antagonist: hamstrings
List the five components of the reflex arc.
- receptor
- afferent pathway
- integration center
- efferent pathway
- effector
What determines whether an action potential is generated or not?
if graded potentials shift the membrane potential past threshold(-55mV)
Where does calcium come from?
bones
Calcium is used throughout the body for its needs(ie: pumping heart etc), so if there is a lack of Ca…
the body will take it from the bones
