Exam 1 Study Guide Ch. 1

Question 1

Define anatomy and physiology. What is the difference?

Answer 1

Anatomy studies the structure of the body parts. Physiology concerns the function of the body(how the body works). Function reflects structure. Structure reflects function.

Question 2

What are the levels of complexity in order from smallest to largest?

Answer 2

1. chemical level(atoms & molecules)
2. Cellular level(organelles&cells)
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. Organ system level
6. Organismal level

Question 3

What is the Integumentary System and its major functions?

Answer 3

-forms the external body covering
- protects deeper tissues from injury
-makes vitamin D
-houses cutaneous receptors

Question 4

What is the Skeletal System and its major functions?

Answer 4

-protects and supports the organs
-provides a framework
-blood cells are formed within bones
-store minerals

Question 5

What is the muscular system and its major functions?

Answer 5

-allows manipulation of the environment
-locomotion
-facial expression
-maintain posture
-produces heat

Question 6

What is the nervous system and its major functions?

Answer 6

-control system of the body
-responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Question 7

What is the endocrine system and its major functions?

Answer 7

-glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use(metabolism) by body cells

Question 8

What is the cardiovascular system and its major functions?

Answer 8

-blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc

Question 9

What is the lymphatic system(immunity) and its major functions?

Answer 9

-picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
-disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
-houses white blood cells
-immune response launches attack against foreign substances in body

Question 10

What is the respiratory system and its major functions?

Answer 10

-keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen
-removes carbon dioxide

Question 11

What is the digestive system and its major functions?

Answer 11

-breaks down food into absorbable nutrients
-nutrients enter the blood for distribution to body cells

Question 12

What is the urinary system and its major functions?

Answer 12

-eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body
-regulates water, electrolytes, and acid base balance of the blood

Question 13

What is the male reproductive system and its major functions?

Answer 13

-overall function is production of offspring
-testes produce sperm and male sex hormone
-male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproduction tract

Question 14

What is the female reproductive system and its major functions?

Answer 14

-ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
-remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
-mammary glands of the breasts produce milk to nourish newborns

Question 15

What is homeostasis?

Answer 15

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world constantly changes

Question 16

What are the three components of a homeostatic control system?

Answer 16

1. the receptor
2. the control center
3. the effector

Question 17

What does the receptor do as the first component in the homeostatic control system?

Answer 17

the receptor: is the first component; a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to stimuli by sending information along the afferent pathway to the second component

Question 18

What does the control center do as part of the homeostatic control system?

Answer 18

-determines the set point, which is the level at which a variable is to be maintained
-it analyzes the input it receives by comparing it to the set point and determines the appropriate response.
-information(output) then flows from the control center along the efferent pathway to the third component the effector

Question 19

What does the effector do as part of the homeostatic control system?

Answer 19

-carries out the control center’s response to the stimulus
-the results of the response then feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus, either reducing it so that the whole control process is shut off, or enhancing so that the whole process continues at an even faster rate

Question 20

The head is ______ to the abdomen.

Answer 20

superior

Question 21

The navel is ______ to the chin.

Answer 21

inferior

Question 22

The breastbone is _______ to the spine.

Answer 22

anterior

Question 23

The heart is ______ to the breastbone.

Answer 23

posterior

Question 24

The heart is _____ to the arm.

Answer 24

medial

Question 25

The arms are ______ to the chest.

Answer 25

lateral

Question 26

The collarbone is _________ between the breastbone and shoulder.

Answer 26

intermediate

Question 27

The elbow is _______ to the wrist.

Answer 27

proximal

Question 28

The knee is _____ to the thigh.

Answer 28

distal

Question 29

The skin is _______ to the skeletal muscles.

Answer 29

superficial

Question 30

The lungs are ____ to the skin.

Answer 30

deep

Question 31

The median(midsagittal) plane separates the body into

Answer 31

left and right

Question 32

The frontal(coronal) plane separates the body into

Answer 32

front and back

Question 33

The transverse plane separates the body into

Answer 33

up and down