Exam 1 Study Guide Ch. 1 Flashcards
Define anatomy and physiology. What is the difference?
Anatomy studies the structure of the body parts. Physiology concerns the function of the body(how the body works). Function reflects structure. Structure reflects function.
What are the levels of complexity in order from smallest to largest?
- chemical level(atoms & molecules)
- Cellular level(organelles&cells)
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organismal level
What is the Integumentary System and its major functions?
-forms the external body covering
- protects deeper tissues from injury
-makes vitamin D
-houses cutaneous receptors
What is the Skeletal System and its major functions?
-protects and supports the organs
-provides a framework
-blood cells are formed within bones
-store minerals
What is the muscular system and its major functions?
-allows manipulation of the environment
-locomotion
-facial expression
-maintain posture
-produces heat
What is the nervous system and its major functions?
-control system of the body
-responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
What is the endocrine system and its major functions?
-glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use(metabolism) by body cells
What is the cardiovascular system and its major functions?
-blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc
What is the lymphatic system(immunity) and its major functions?
-picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
-disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
-houses white blood cells
-immune response launches attack against foreign substances in body
What is the respiratory system and its major functions?
-keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen
-removes carbon dioxide
What is the digestive system and its major functions?
-breaks down food into absorbable nutrients
-nutrients enter the blood for distribution to body cells
What is the urinary system and its major functions?
-eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body
-regulates water, electrolytes, and acid base balance of the blood
What is the male reproductive system and its major functions?
-overall function is production of offspring
-testes produce sperm and male sex hormone
-male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproduction tract
What is the female reproductive system and its major functions?
-ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
-remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
-mammary glands of the breasts produce milk to nourish newborns
What is homeostasis?
the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world constantly changes
What are the three components of a homeostatic control system?
- the receptor
- the control center
- the effector
What does the receptor do as the first component in the homeostatic control system?
the receptor: is the first component; a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to stimuli by sending information along the afferent pathway to the second component
What does the control center do as part of the homeostatic control system?
-determines the set point, which is the level at which a variable is to be maintained
-it analyzes the input it receives by comparing it to the set point and determines the appropriate response.
-information(output) then flows from the control center along the efferent pathway to the third component the effector
What does the effector do as part of the homeostatic control system?
-carries out the control center’s response to the stimulus
-the results of the response then feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus, either reducing it so that the whole control process is shut off, or enhancing so that the whole process continues at an even faster rate
The head is ______ to the abdomen.
superior
The navel is ______ to the chin.
inferior
The breastbone is _______ to the spine.
anterior
The heart is ______ to the breastbone.
posterior
The heart is _____ to the arm.
medial
The arms are ______ to the chest.
lateral
The collarbone is _________ between the breastbone and shoulder.
intermediate
The elbow is _______ to the wrist.
proximal
The knee is _____ to the thigh.
distal
The skin is _______ to the skeletal muscles.
superficial
The lungs are ____ to the skin.
deep
The median(midsagittal) plane separates the body into
left and right
The frontal(coronal) plane separates the body into
front and back
The transverse plane separates the body into
up and down
