Lecture 18 Plant Morphology

Question 1

Shoot System

Answer 1

– Stems
– Leaves

Question 2

prokaryotes fix nitrogen:

Answer 2

N2 -> ammonium -> nitrite -> nitrate

Question 3

Root System

Answer 3

– Roots

Question 4

Modified Stems

Answer 4

Many plants have modified stems that perform
alternate functions (e.g., rhizomes, stolons, tubers)

Question 5

Rhizomes

Answer 5

grow underground to spread plant

Question 6

Stolons

Answer 6

grow along surface of the ground to spread plant

Question 7

Tubers

Answer 7

grow underground to store carbohydrates

Question 8

Tendrils

Answer 8

narrow leaves that curl around things to provide stability

Question 9

Spines

Answer 9

modified leaves for defensive purpose, like a cactus

Question 10

Everything in flower is…

Answer 10

a modified leaf

Question 11

Dermal tissue

Answer 11

upper and bottom layer of tissue, protective layer

Question 12

Veins

Answer 12

made of vascular tissue

Question 13

Ground tissue

Answer 13

Makes up everything that isn’t dermal or vascular

Question 14

Xylem

Answer 14

-vascular
-transports water
-vessel elements
-dead at maturity/hollow
-tracheids

Question 15

Phloem

Answer 15

-vascular
-transports sugar
-sieve tube elements
-alive at maturity

Question 16

Nodes

Answer 16

points where leaves are attached

Question 17

Internodes

Answer 17

stem segments between nodes

Question 18

Buds

Answer 18

point of growth of shoot
Apical bud - at tip of plant/shoot
Axillary bud - in nodes of stem

Question 19

Functions of leaves

Answer 19

Functions
Gas exchange
Heat dissipation
Photosynthesis
Defense against herbivores and pathogens

Question 20

All plants have cell walls…

Answer 20

Primary cell wall composed of cellulose
Secondary cell wall also has lignin

Question 21

Lignin protein cross-links…

Answer 21

cellulose fibers Increases rigidity and strength “Wood”

Question 22

3 types of cells in ground tissue

Answer 22

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

Question 23

Parenchyma Cell

Answer 23

-Thin primary cell wall
-Least specialized
-Photosynthetic cells, storage cells
-Found in vascular tissue (phloem)

Question 24

Sclerenchyma

Answer 24

-Thick secondary cells
-Support plants
-Dead at functional maturity
-Also present in vascular tissue

Question 25

Collenchyma

Answer 25

-Thick primary cell wall
-Alive at maturity
-Supports young growth and plant shoots
-Often as fibers just below epidermis

Question 26

Secondary Growth ( Lateral meristems )

Answer 26

-Woody plants only
-Adds diameter

Question 27

Cork cambium

Answer 27

The cork cambium produces some of the bark

Question 28

vascular cambium

Answer 28

is responsible for increasing the diameter of stems and roots and for forming woody tissue.